20 research outputs found
Measuring collective action intention toward gender equality across cultures
Collective action is a powerful tool for social change and is fundamental to women and girlsâ empowerment on a societal level. Collective action towards gender equality could be understood as intentional and conscious civic behaviors focused on social transformation, questioning power relations, and promoting gender equality through collective efforts. Various instruments to measure collective action intentions have been developed, but to our knowledge none of the published measures were subject to invariance testing. We introduce the gender equality collective action intention (GECAI) scale and examine its psychometric isomorphism and measurement invariance, using data from 60 countries (N = 31,686). Our findings indicate that partial scalar measurement invariance of the GECAI scale permits conditional comparisons of latent mean GECAI scores across countries. Moreover, this metric psychometric isomorphism of the GECAI means we can interpret scores at the country-level (i.e., as a group attribute) conceptually similar to individual attributes. Therefore, our findings add to the growing body of literature on gender based collective action by introducing a methodologically sound tool to measure collective action intentions towards gender equality across cultures.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18â30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and womenâs political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in womenâs (rather than menâs) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to menâs higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, menâs leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 CountriespublishedVersio
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18â30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave
policies and womenâs political representation partially explained cross-national
variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically
larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national
variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in womenâs (rather than menâs) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to menâs higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, menâs leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed
Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (Nâ=â33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMBâs distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role
Modellstudie av föroreningsretention i BÀckaslövs vÄtmark : TillÀmpning av modellverktygen MIKE SHE WET och MIKE 21
During the nineties, ecological handling of urban storm water became very popular in Sweden. Together with Chalmers University of Technology and two Swedish communities, DHI Water and Environment has been doing research of storm water ponds and constructed wetlands. This thesis work is a part of that research project. The work has been applied at the BĂ€ckaslöv storm water treatment plant in VĂ€xjö, Sweden. The plant consists of one storm water pond and a downstream constructed wetland. Simulations in two different modelling programs, MIKE SHE WET and MIKE 21 have been performed. MIKE SHE WET has never been used in practical work. The purpose of the program is to describe chemical and biological processes in wetlands and how the plants affect the retention of nutrients in the water. Since the program never has been used before, the main work has been to test the model to investigate whether it fulfil its purpose or not. MIKE 21 has been used to describe how the geometry influences the retention of suspended material, nitrogen and phosphorus. MIKE 21 has also been used to study how the wetland works without the storm water pond. To be able to describe the natural processes going on in wetlands the program MIKE SHE WET has to be further developed. The work has yet resulted in a package of measures that can improve the model. Science is in need for a model like MIKE SHE WET. If the program will be edited it can contribute a lot to the research of wetlands and storm water treatment. The simulations in MIKE 21 show that todayâs shape of the wetland is not most favourable. If the water was spread over a bigger area the retention of nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended material would increase.AnlĂ€ggandet av konstgjorda vĂ„tmarker och sedimenteringsdammar har varit intensivt under nittiotalet och ekologisk dagvattenhantering har blivit mycket populĂ€rt i Sveriges kommuner. DHI Water and Environment bedriver i samarbete med Chalmers tekniska Högskola samt VĂ€xjö och Ărebro kommuner ett forskningsprojekt kring anlagda dammar och vĂ„tmarker. Meningen Ă€r att resultaten ska kunna anvĂ€ndas vid sĂ„vĂ€l uppföljningsarbete av befintliga dammar samt vid anlĂ€ggandet av nya dagvattenanlĂ€ggningar. Detta examensarbete ingĂ„r som en del av ovan nĂ€mnda forskningsprojekt. Arbetet har tillĂ€mpats pĂ„ BĂ€ckaslövs dagvattenanlĂ€ggning i VĂ€xjö. AnlĂ€ggningen bestĂ„r av en sedimenteringsdamm med efterföljande vĂ„tmark. Modellstudier har utförts i tvĂ„ olika modellprogram, MIKE SHE WET och MIKE 21. MIKE SHE WET har inte tidigare anvĂ€nts i praktiken och har dĂ€rför testats för att undersöka om programmet uppfyller sitt syfte. Programmet har utformats för att kunna simulera vĂ€xternas pĂ„verkan pĂ„ kvĂ€ve- och fosforretentionen. Med hjĂ€lp av MIKE 21 har simuleringar utförts för att undersöka hur vĂ„tmarkens geometri kan förĂ€ndras för att fĂ„ en optimerad avskiljning av kvĂ€ve, fosfor och suspenderat material. Simuleringar har ocksĂ„ utförts för att undersöka hur vĂ„tmarken skulle fungera utan uppströms liggande sedimenteringsdamm. Resultaten visar pĂ„ att MIKE SHE WET mĂ„ste vidareutvecklas för att kunna beskriva de biologiska och kemiska processer som pĂ„gĂ„r i vĂ„tmarken. Arbetet har lett fram till ett antal konkreta Ă„tgĂ€rdsförslag för att förbĂ€ttra programmet och modellen har potential att bli ett viktigt hjĂ€lpmedel i framtida forskning kring vĂ„tmarker. MIKE 21-simuleringarna har visat mycket goda resultat. Resultaten visar pĂ„ att vĂ„tmarken idag inte har optimal utformning för att kunna rena det dagvatten som flödar in i den. Om vĂ„tmarken utformas sĂ„ att vattnet fĂ„r en större spridning i omrĂ„det kommer reningen av sĂ„vĂ€l suspenderat material som kvĂ€ve och fosfor att förbĂ€ttras
Modellstudie av föroreningsretention i BÀckaslövs vÄtmark : TillÀmpning av modellverktygen MIKE SHE WET och MIKE 21
During the nineties, ecological handling of urban storm water became very popular in Sweden. Together with Chalmers University of Technology and two Swedish communities, DHI Water and Environment has been doing research of storm water ponds and constructed wetlands. This thesis work is a part of that research project. The work has been applied at the BĂ€ckaslöv storm water treatment plant in VĂ€xjö, Sweden. The plant consists of one storm water pond and a downstream constructed wetland. Simulations in two different modelling programs, MIKE SHE WET and MIKE 21 have been performed. MIKE SHE WET has never been used in practical work. The purpose of the program is to describe chemical and biological processes in wetlands and how the plants affect the retention of nutrients in the water. Since the program never has been used before, the main work has been to test the model to investigate whether it fulfil its purpose or not. MIKE 21 has been used to describe how the geometry influences the retention of suspended material, nitrogen and phosphorus. MIKE 21 has also been used to study how the wetland works without the storm water pond. To be able to describe the natural processes going on in wetlands the program MIKE SHE WET has to be further developed. The work has yet resulted in a package of measures that can improve the model. Science is in need for a model like MIKE SHE WET. If the program will be edited it can contribute a lot to the research of wetlands and storm water treatment. The simulations in MIKE 21 show that todayâs shape of the wetland is not most favourable. If the water was spread over a bigger area the retention of nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended material would increase.AnlĂ€ggandet av konstgjorda vĂ„tmarker och sedimenteringsdammar har varit intensivt under nittiotalet och ekologisk dagvattenhantering har blivit mycket populĂ€rt i Sveriges kommuner. DHI Water and Environment bedriver i samarbete med Chalmers tekniska Högskola samt VĂ€xjö och Ărebro kommuner ett forskningsprojekt kring anlagda dammar och vĂ„tmarker. Meningen Ă€r att resultaten ska kunna anvĂ€ndas vid sĂ„vĂ€l uppföljningsarbete av befintliga dammar samt vid anlĂ€ggandet av nya dagvattenanlĂ€ggningar. Detta examensarbete ingĂ„r som en del av ovan nĂ€mnda forskningsprojekt. Arbetet har tillĂ€mpats pĂ„ BĂ€ckaslövs dagvattenanlĂ€ggning i VĂ€xjö. AnlĂ€ggningen bestĂ„r av en sedimenteringsdamm med efterföljande vĂ„tmark. Modellstudier har utförts i tvĂ„ olika modellprogram, MIKE SHE WET och MIKE 21. MIKE SHE WET har inte tidigare anvĂ€nts i praktiken och har dĂ€rför testats för att undersöka om programmet uppfyller sitt syfte. Programmet har utformats för att kunna simulera vĂ€xternas pĂ„verkan pĂ„ kvĂ€ve- och fosforretentionen. Med hjĂ€lp av MIKE 21 har simuleringar utförts för att undersöka hur vĂ„tmarkens geometri kan förĂ€ndras för att fĂ„ en optimerad avskiljning av kvĂ€ve, fosfor och suspenderat material. Simuleringar har ocksĂ„ utförts för att undersöka hur vĂ„tmarken skulle fungera utan uppströms liggande sedimenteringsdamm. Resultaten visar pĂ„ att MIKE SHE WET mĂ„ste vidareutvecklas för att kunna beskriva de biologiska och kemiska processer som pĂ„gĂ„r i vĂ„tmarken. Arbetet har lett fram till ett antal konkreta Ă„tgĂ€rdsförslag för att förbĂ€ttra programmet och modellen har potential att bli ett viktigt hjĂ€lpmedel i framtida forskning kring vĂ„tmarker. MIKE 21-simuleringarna har visat mycket goda resultat. Resultaten visar pĂ„ att vĂ„tmarken idag inte har optimal utformning för att kunna rena det dagvatten som flödar in i den. Om vĂ„tmarken utformas sĂ„ att vattnet fĂ„r en större spridning i omrĂ„det kommer reningen av sĂ„vĂ€l suspenderat material som kvĂ€ve och fosfor att förbĂ€ttras
Inventory control at volatile purchase prices : A case study at Alutrade AB in VÀxjö
Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Lagerstyrning Àr olika aktiviteter som rör hur ett lager hanteras och styrs. Styrningen av ett lager har en stor pÄverkan pÄ ett företags lönsamhet dÄ det hanterar de aktiviteter som berör lager och dÀrmed ocksÄ det bundna kapitalet. Lagerstyrning Àr dock inget som görs i en handvÀndning, utan det Àr mÄnga delar som ska stÀmma överens. Lagerstyrningen blir Àn mer komplex nÀr företag handlar med volatila rÄvaror. NÀr det kommer till lagerstyrning av produkter med volatila inköpspriser Àr det viktigt att ta hÀnsyn till dessa förÀndringar, för att pÄ sÄ sÀtt kunna hitta den mest optimala lagerstyrningen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie Àr att undersöka vilka konsekvenser som uppstÄr av att Alutrade inte tar hÀnsyn till volatila inköpspriser i sin nuvarande lagerstyrning, samt att identifiera vilka lagerstyrningsmetoder, och dÀrmed lagerstyrningspolicy som Àr lÀmplig att tillÀmpa nÀr inköpspriser Àr volatila för att optimera och uppnÄ en kostnadseffektiv lageromsÀttningshastighet. Metod: Uppsatsen behandlas utifrÄn ett positivistiskt synsÀtt och ett deduktivt angreppssÀtt. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod men innehÄller bÄde kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. Datan har samlats in genom ostrukturerade och semistrukturerade intervjuer, samt mailintervjuer. Resultat: Eftersom Alutrade i dagslÀget inte tar sÄ stor hÀnsyn till de prisförÀndringar som rÄder pÄ aluminium marknaden uppstÄr en del konsekvenser, vilket gör att företagets lagerstyrning pÄverkas negativt. För att undvika dessa konsekvenser har en lagerstyrningspolicy, som tar hÀnsyn till volatila inköpspriser, tagits fram. Denna policy utgÄr frÄn en ABC-klassificering och innehÄller lagerstyrningsmetoder sÄsom modifierad EOQ, bestÀllningspunktsystem vid volatila inköpspriser, sÀkerhetslager som ett uppskattat antal dagars medelefterfrÄgan och sÀkerhetslager berÀknat frÄn önskad servicenivÄ. Med hjÀlp av den framtagna lagerstyrningspolicyn kan Alutrade undvika konsekvenserna och uppnÄ de kostnadsbesparingarna som pÄvisas.Background: Inventory control is different activities related to how a warehouse is managed. The management of inventory has a big impact on a company's profitability as it manages the activities that concern the inventory and thus has an affect on the tied up capital. However, inventory control is nothing that can be rushed through, since many activities must match. The inventory control becomes even more complex when companies deals with volatile raw materials. When it comes to inventory control of these types of products, it is important to take these changes into account, in order to find the most optimal inventory control. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate which consequences that occurs when Alutrade does not take volatile purchase prices into account, furthermore to identify which inventory control methods, and thus inventory control policy, that is suitable to apply when purchase prices are volatile to optimize and achieve a cost-effective inventory turnover. Method: The thesis is based on a positivistic and deductive approach. The study has a qualitative research method but contains both qualitative and quantitative data. The data has been collected through unstructured and semi-structured interviews, as well as mail interviews. Results: As Alutrade currently does not take the price volatility on the aluminum market into much account a number of consequences arise, which means that the company's inventory control is negatively affected. In order to avoid these consequences a inventory control policy, which takes the price volatility into account, has been developed. This policy is based on an ABC classification and contains inventory control methods such as modified EOQ, reorder point system for volatile purchase prices, safety stock as an estimated number of demand days and safety stock calculated from a desired service level. Using the developed inventory control policy, Alutrade can avoid the consequences and achieve the cost savings that are shown
E-handelns pÄverkan pÄ materialhanteringsprocessen : En fallstudie pÄ Södra Wood Interiör i Kallinge
Kurs: Ămnesfördjupande arbete i logistik, 2FE25E, VT 2018 Uppsatsens titel: E-handelns pĂ„verkan pĂ„ materialhanteringsprocessen - En fallstudie pĂ„ Södra Wood Interiör i Kallinge Författare: LinnĂ©a Bosson, Emma Mogensen och Jacob Vikenadler Handledare: Petra Andersson Examinator: Hana HulthĂ©n Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: E-handeln har vuxit mycket under de senaste Ă„ren. E-handeln inom byggvarubranschen Ă€r nĂ„got som inte slagit igenom Ă€n men Ă€r idag pĂ„vĂ€g uppĂ„t. DĂ€rför bör företag som verkar inom byggbranschen förbereda sig pĂ„ denna förĂ€ndring. Södra Wood Interiör i Kallinge stĂ„r just nu inför denna förberedelse, dĂ€r ett flöde av bĂ„de slutkund- och bulkorders ska kombineras pĂ„ ett lönsamt och effektivt sĂ€tt. Syfte: Syftet Ă€r att identifiera förbĂ€ttringar hos SWI:s centrallager, nĂ€r det kommer till företagets nuvarande materialhanteringsprocess, inför en fortsatt ökning av e-handel inom byggvarubranschen. Metod: Uppsatsen Ă€r av kvalitativ art och har utförts genom en fallstudie. Uppsatsen behandlas utifrĂ„n ett hermeneutiskt synsĂ€tt och har ett deduktivt angreppssĂ€tt. Slutsats: Ett ökat flöde av e-handel resulterar i att antalet och storleken pĂ„ orders förĂ€ndras. Om SWI vĂ€ljer att haka pĂ„ trenden med e-handel och möjliggöra sĂ„dana lösningar för sina kunder kommer de fĂ„ ett ökat flöde av sĂ„ kallade slutkundorders. Detta leder i sin tur till att SWI mĂ„ste kombinera ett stort flöde av slutkund- och bulkorders i samma lager. I dagslĂ€get Ă€r det troligt att en sĂ„dan kombination skulle innebĂ€ra att materialhanteringsprocessen blir mindre effektiv. I analysen presenteras sedan olika förbĂ€ttringsförslag som tagits fram för att SWI ska kunna möta den ineffiktivitet som följer av att slutkundorderflödet ökar. FörbĂ€ttringsförslagen Ă€r en egen lagerdel som behandlar slutkundorders i SWI:s befintliga lager och ytterligare ett centrallager pĂ„ annan plats.Background: E-commerce has grown during the last years. E-commerce in the construction industry on the other hand has not grown as much, but it is heading upwards. Therefore companies working in the construction industry should prepare for this change. Södra Wood Interiör in Kallinge is currently planning and preparing for this change, where a flow of both retail orders and bulk orders should be combined in a profitable and efficient manner. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify improvements at SWI:s main warehouse, when it comes to the companies material handling process, facing a continued increase in e-commerce in the construction industry. Method: The essay is of qualitative nature and has been performed by a case study. The essay has been processed in a hermeneutical approach and performed with a deductive approach. Conclusion: An increased flow of e-commerce results in a change in quantity and size of orders. If SWI choose to follow the trend and enable such solutions for their customers SWI will get an increased flow of so called retail orders. This in turn leads to that SWI have to combine a large flow of retail orders and bulk orders in the same warehouse. In the current situation it is likely that such a combination implies that the material handling process becomes less efficient. The analysis presents various improvements proposed to enable SWI to meet the inefficiency that comes from the increase in retail orders. The improvements suggest a separate warehouse that deals with the retail orders in SWI:s existing warehouse and additional warehouse located elsewhere