Bis(tetra­propyl­ammonium) di-μ3-iodido-di-μ2-iodido-diiodidodi­pyridine­tetra­copper(I)

The title compound, (C12H28N)2[Cu3.194I6(C5H5N)2] was prepared from reaction of copper powder, copper(I) oxide, hydro­iodic acid, tetra­propyl­ammonium iodide and pyridine under hydro­thermal conditions. In the centrosymmetric Cu4I6 2− anion, one Cu site is in a trigonal-planar coordination while the second Cu site, which is only partially occupied [site occupancy of 0.5968 (16)], is surroundedby three iodine atoms and one pyridine molecule in a distorted tetrahedral coordination

Evaluation and comparison of immunization level between recombinant proteins of binding subunit of entrotoxigenic Escherichia coli and botulinum toxin

زمینه و هدف: در میان عوامل باکتریایی، شایع ترین عامل بیماری اسهال، باکتری اشریشیاکلی انتروتوکسیژنیک است. زیر واحد LTB سم این باکتری قادر به ایجاد مصونیتی شش ماهه است. کلستریدیوم بوتولینوم نیز عامل بیماری کشنده بوتولیسم می باشد و زیر واحد BoNT/A-Hc سم آن می تواند تا دو سال در برابر این بیماری مصونیت ایجاد کند. میزان ایمنی زایی که هر یک از این زیر واحدهای نوترکیب ایجاد می کنند، می تواند از عواملی باشد که در به وجود آمدن مصونیتی با ماندگاری متفاوت تأثیرگذار باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی و مقایسه میزان تولید آنتی بادی ناشی از استفاده از دو پروتئین LTB و BONT/A-Hc در موش آزمایشگاهی بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی از باکتری Bl21DE3 E. Coli تراریخت شده با وکتور pET28aاستفاده گردید. این وکتور حاوی ژن نوترکیب LTB اشریشیاکلی انتروتوکسیژنیک و ژن نوترکیب BONT/A-Hc بوتولینوم به طور جداگانه بود. پس از بهینه سازی بیان و تخلیص پروتئین نوترکیب LTB از فاز نامحلول و BoNT/A-Hc از فاز محلول عصاره سلولی، محصولات آن ها بر روی ژلSDS-PAGE بررسی گردید. موش های آزمایشگاهی به وسیله پروتئین های حاصل، ایمنی زایی شدند. تیتر آنتی بادی حاصل از هر دو نوع پروتئین نوترکیب با استفاده از آزمون آماری t-Test در نرم افزار SPSS ارزیابی و مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. یافته ها: پروتئین های نوترکیب بیان شده BoNT/A-Hc و LTB با ستون نیکل تخلیص شدند. پس از ایمنی زایی موش های آزمایشگاهی، تفاوت معناداری در تیتر آنتی بادی برای دو پروتئین BoNT/A-Hc و LTB مشاهده گردید (01/0>P). نتیجه گیری: اختلاف کمی بین تیتر آنتی بادی برای دو پروتئین BoNT/A-Hc و LTB مشاهده گردید که می تواند به دلیل خاصیت قوی ادجوانسیتی LTBو ایمنی زایی ایجاد شده تقریباً یکسان، در فاصله زمانی محدود باش

Bis(isopropyl­triphenyl­phospho­nium) di-μ-iodido-bis­[iodidocopper(I)]

The title compound, (C21H22P)2[Cu2I4], prepared from reaction between copper powder, iodine and isopropyl triphenyl­phospho­nium iodide in hydroxy­acetone (acetol), shows an already known Cu2I4 2− anion with a planar conformation [Cu—I range = 2.5108 (3)–2.5844 (3) Å and I—Cu—I range = 110.821 (10)–125.401 (10)°]

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Implantable neural electrical stimulator for external control of gastrointestinal motility

Bibliography: p. 114-12

Dual graphs realized in the compounds di-mu(3)-4-mercaptopyridine catena-di-mu(2)-iodo-di-mu(3)-iodo-mu(4)-iodo penta copper(I) and di-mu(3)-4-mercaptopyridine-di-catena-iodo-di-mu(3)-iodo tri copper(I)

Two compounds, [Cu5I5](SNC5H4)2 [i] and [Cu3I3](SNC5H4)2 [ii], were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and the crystal structures were solved. Both compounds crystallized in space group 141/a. The iodide and the sulphur from mercaptopyridine are connected to copper atom, giving the copper atoms tetrahedral coordination geometry. The pyridine end of the organic moiety is non-bonding and fills the empty space around the tetrahedra formed from copper, sulphur and iodide. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Poly[dimethyldiphenylphosphonium [di-mu(4)-iodido-tetra-mu(3)-iodido-pentacopper(I)]]

The title compound, {(C14H16P)[Cu5I6]} (n) , prepared from the reaction between copper powder, iodine and dimethyldiphenylphosphonium iodide in hydroxyacetone, features an anion that consists of a continuous two-dimensional Cu-I sheet [Cu-I = 2.5960 (14)-2.6994 (13) A and Cu-I-Cu = 63.28 (5)-114.25 (5)degrees]. The cation, which lies on a mirror plane, is a typical dimethyldiphenylphosphonium ion. The structure shows a strong tendency towards segregation of the inorganic and organic parts of the structure into separate subspaces. The two-dimensional Cu-I sheet displays a pronounced subcell with pseudo-tetragonal symmetry that is broken by ordered vacancies on the Cu position. The symmetry is further reduced by the orientation of the interleaved organic counter-ion that is inclined with respect to the pseudo-mirror planes defined by the Cu-I sheet normal, perpendicular to the b axis

Bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) tetraiodidomanganate(II) acetone monosolvate

The title compound, (C24H20P)(2)[MnI4]center dot(CH3)(2)CO, prepared from the reaction of manganese powder, iodine and tetraphenylphosphonium iodide in acetone shows a tetrahedral complex anion [Mn-I = 2.6868 (5)-2.7281 (4) angstrom and I-Mn-I = 104.011 (13)-116.164 (15)degrees], two tetraphenylphosphonium cations and one molecule of acetone