Escala proposta para medir a qualidade do serviço dos cinemas

Na atualidade existe um alto nivel de concorrencia entre as diferentes cadeias de cinemas que se encontram  no Chile. Neste cenário, o sucesso esta determinado em grande  parte pelos serviços que estas oferecen a seus clientes. Ainda que anteriormente tenham se desenvalvido escalas para medir a qualldade do serviço recibido em diversos setores, por suas caracteristicas, é necessario construir uma escala especifica que possa ser aplicada aos cinemas. Os resultados obtidos por meios deste estudo, mostram que a qualidade do serviço dos cinemas recebida pelos consumidores, e um constructo multidimensional que difere em grande parte das escalas padrao propostas anteriormente, e que, alem disso, compoe-se da confiabilidade, da altençao pessoal, da acessibilidade, dos tangiveis do cinema e dos tarlgiveis da sala de projeçao do filme, estes resullados entregam, aos dirigentes de marketing dos cinemas, uma importante ferramenta que Ihes permitirá medir e administrar a qualidade do serviço.II existe actullement au Chili un haut niveau de concurrence entre les chaines de cinema, Les services offerts aux clients determinent en grande partie leurs succés, Bierl qu'au prealable des echelles de mesure de le qualilé du service perçu dans divers secteurs aient été developpées, en raison de leurs característiques, il est mécessaire de construirse une échelle spécifique permetant une application aux cinemas. Les resultats obtenus par cette etude demontrenl que la qualité des salles de cinema perue par les consommateurs représente un constructeur multidimensionnel qui différe en grande partie des echelles standards proposées auparavant, incluanlt également la fiabilité, le service personnel, l'accessibilite, le caractérr tangible du film et de la salle de projection du film, ces resultats fournissent  aux directeurs du marketing du cinéma un instrument important pour mesurer et contróler la qualité du service.There is currently a high level or competition between the different movie theater chains in Chile. In this scenario, success to a large extent is determined by the services they provide to their customers. While in the past scales have been developed to measure quality of service as perceived by diverse sectors, given the characteristics of movie theaters there is a need to build a specific scale that could be applied to them. The resorts obtained through this study show that the quality of service at movie theaters as perceived by consumers as a multidimensional constructor that to a large extent is different from previously proposed standard scales, and which also consists of reliability, personal at trillion, accessibility, and the tangible aspects of the theater and of the motion picture projection room. These results provide movie theater marketing executives with an important tool to measure and manage the quality of service.En la actualidad, existe un alto nivel de competencia entre las diferentes cadenas de cines que se encuentran en Chile. En este escenario, el éxito está determinado en gran parte por los servicios que estos ofrecen a sus clientes. Si bien  previamente se han desarrollado escalas para mejorar la calidad del servicio percibida en diversos sectores, por sus características, es necesario construir una escala específica que pueda ser aplicada a los cines. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de este estudio muestran que la calidad del servicio de los cines percibida por los consumidores es un constructor multidimensional que difiere en gran parte de las escalas estándar propuestas anteriormente, y que edemas se compone de la confiabilidad, la atención personal, la accesibilidad los tangibles del cine y los tangibles de la sala de proyección de la película. Estos resultados entregan a los directivos de marketing de los cines una importante herramienta que les  permitirá medir y gestionar la calidad del servicio

Estrategias de posicionamiento basadas en la cultura del consumidor: Un análisis de la publicidad en televisión

En el presente estudio se analizanlas diferentes estrategias de posicionamientocultural que pueden sercomunicadas a través de la publicidaden televisión. En concreto se estudiacuál de estas estrategias de posicionamiento(posicionamiento global,extranjero y local) es la más utilizadapor las marcas publicitadas generalmenteen Chile y considerandodiferentes categorías de productos. Lainvestigación muestra que estos trestipos de estrategias tienen suÞ cienteidentidad como para ser utilizadas individualmentey posicionar una marcaa través de la televisión. Ademásrevela que una cantidad considerablede marcas utilizan el posicionamientoglobal y una menor cantidad el posicionamientoextranjero y local.Cultura, imagen, marca, posicionamiento,publicidad.

Understanding tourist citizenship behavior at the destination level

Tourist citizenship behavior (TCB) is crucial for tourist destination management because of the benefits it provides to destinations. Despite the importance of this discretionary and altruistic behavior, however, scant research has analyzed TCB at the destination level. The present study addresses this gap. It examines the relationships between destination identification, perceived value, and TCB. It also explores the relationship between TCB and willingness to sacrifice to visit a destination. Data on a sample of 629 tourists (aged 18 years or older) were collected to test the proposed hypotheses using structural equation modeling. TCB is a reflective second-order construct (dimensions: recommendation, helping, and feedback). The results show that both destination identification and perceived value are positively related to TCB, which positively affects willingness to sacrifice. Thus, the findings provide evidence that both destination identification and perceived value are important factors in understanding tourists’ citizenship behavior in destinations. Furthermore, the study shows that tourists who are willing to help others by giving feedback and recommending a certain destination (i.e., performing TCB) are also willing to make additional sacrifices to travel to that destination. The theoretical and practical implications for researchers and tourism managers at the destination level are discussed.This research was funded by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (RTI2018-099467-B-I00) and Research Support Plan, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Chile (Res. Ex. 270.19; July 07, 2019)

Propuesta de escala para medir la conexión emocional con un destino turístico

This research aims to propose a scale of love for a tourist destination, which allows a more comprehensive understanding of the emotional connection between tourists and the places they visit. Through a process of content validity, the dimensions of affection, passion, identity, dependence and integration were defined as part of the love of a tourist destination construct. Through a survey, the participants evaluated the items of these dimensions, based on the tourist destination with which they felt emotionally linked. The results show that these five dimensions are indeed part of a valid and reliable scale that could be used as an approximation to measure love towards a tourist destination.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo proponer una escala de amor a un destino turístico, que permita entender de manera más íntegra la conexión emocional entre los turistas y los lugares que ellos visitan. A través de un proceso de validez de contenido se definieron las dimensiones afecto, pasión, identidad, dependencia e integración como parte del constructo amor a un destino turístico. A través de una encuesta, los participantes evaluaron los ítems de estas dimensiones, en base al destino turístico con el cual se sentían vinculados emocionalmente. Los resultados muestran que efectivamente estas cinco dimensiones forman parte de una escala válida y fiable que podría ser utilizada como una aproximación para medir el amor hacia un destino turístico

Environmental Sustainability at Destination Level: The Role of Tourist Citizenship Behavior

Tourist citizenship behavior (TCB) has become a key part of tourist destination management. This study explores how TCB can help tourist destination sustainability. A model is proposed to analyze the relationship between TCB and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. The study also examines which factors are part of this process. Specifically, the influence of the perceived sustainability of a destination on TCB is analyzed, with mediation by destination identification (DI) and perceived value (DPV). According to our findings, perceived sustainability is positively associated with DI and DPV. These two variables are associated with greater TCB. TCB is positively related to environmentally responsible behavior. Accordingly, TCB could encourage tourists to care for the environment by acting as if they were more than just tourists. Implications for destination management organizations are provided to improve destination sustainability and promote both TCB and environmentally responsible behavior among tourists.This study was partially financially supported by the Emerging Project grant of the Generalitat Valenciana, Emerging Project GV2022 [CIGE/2022/51], by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University under Grant [PID2022-141694NB-I00], and by the Research Support Plan, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Chile

Tourscape role in tourist destination sustainability: A path towards revisit

The tourscape concept is recently coined to represent the general atmosphere experienced by tourists in a destination and includes four dimensions (stimuli): physical, social, socially symbolic, and natural dimensions. Tourist perception of these stimuli is relevant for the development of a tourist destination. This study proposes for the first time that tourscape can also be an important element of the environmental sustainability of a tourist destination when it is in harmony with the environment, since tourscape can play a key role in the tourist experience by eliciting positive intentions and behaviors towards a destination. Based on the stimuli-organism-response (SOR) model, this study analyzes how tourscape elements influence tourists’ revisit intention when they are perceived to be in harmony with the care of the environment through identification with the tourist destination and trust. The results of a sample of 872 tourists show that each dimension of the tourscape is positively related to destination identification. Furthermore, destination identification is directly related to revisit intention, and indirectly related to revisit intention through trust. This study highlights the implications for destination management organizations, with strategic suggestions on how to increase tourist perception regarding the sustainability of the destination and promote revisit intention.This study was financially supported by the Emerging Project grant of the Regional Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science, and Digital Society of the Valencian Government (Spain) (CIGE/2022/51)

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODErn), to generate cause fractions and cause specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NC Ds) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5-74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 186% (17.9-19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7-8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5-23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7. 20-8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.08.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 222% (20.0-24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1-33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0-5-4-0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2-15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9-59.2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8-148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2-40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2-36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respirator}, infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990 neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030