Desarrollo del modelo de negocio canvas en microempresas de las parroquias rurales del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito

Canvas as a business model proposal is an agile and practical methodology forstructuring proposals of value. Its scope of application is broad: from large companies tomicroenterprises and middle enterprises. This paper, describes the application of the modelinvestigated in six microenterprises belonging to two parish councils in Quito: Tababela andCheca. We worked with a random sample of 479 business clients. The process followed was acharacterization of each parish, identification of the microenterprises, a survey was applied tothe clients and an interview with the owners of the businesses. With these inputs, a situationaldiagnosis was made involving the nine modules of the Canvas business model. These resultswere taxed to the internal analysis and allowed the preparation of the canvas for each business.In conclusion, the Canvas business model applied in the six microenterprises will improve theirincome, customer service and consolidate them as business initiativesCanvas como propuesta de modelo de negocio constituye una metodología ágil y práctica para estructurar propuestas de valor. Su ámbito de aplicación es amplio: desde las grandes empresas hasta microempresas y emprendimientos. En este trabajo se investigó la aplicación del modelo en seis microempresas pertenecientes a dos parroquiales rurales de Quito: Tababela y Checa. Se trabajó con una muestra aleatoria de 479 clientes de los negocios. El proceso seguido fue una caracterización de cada parroquia, identificación de las microempresas, se aplicó una encuesta a los clientes y una entrevista a los propietarios de los negocios. Con estos insumos se realizó un diagnóstico situacional que implicó los nueve módulos del modelo de negocio Canvas. Estos resultados tributaron al análisis interno y permitieron la elaboración del lienzo para cada negocio. En conclusión, el modelo de negocio Canvas aplicado en las seis microempresas permitirá mejorar sus ingresos, la atención al cliente y consolidarlas como iniciativas empresariales

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Indicadores de a responsabilidad social en las empresas

El impacto de la actividad económica sobre el ambiente, en lo social y cultural, lleva al cuestionamiento de las prácticas y formas administrativas que emplean las empresas, siendo evidencia de la carencia de acciones que conciban la responsabilidad empresarial en lo ético, financiero, social y ambiental. Las regulaciones en esta materia no tienen el suficiente peso para instaurar normativas y reglamentos o en su defecto llevar a cabo el debido control y seguimiento que garantice la ejecución de una conducta ética y socialmente responsable por parte de las empresas. Todo esto deriva en consecuencias ambientales, en desigualdades, en impactos de seguridad e higiene entre otros. El presente estudio se paseará sobre los métodos para desarrollar una gestión de empresas socialmente responsable y las metodologías e indicadores que permitan medir el grado de RSE presente en las mismas, a los efectos de incidir directamente en la gestión interna de las empresas hacia una cultura de ética y de responsabilidad. El Estado debe contribuir cada vez más y significativamente a la internalización de estas prácticas, las cuales son demandas como así cada vez con mayor vehemencia por las organizaciones internacionales y por los consumidores. Finalmente, para que la RSE se valide transversalmente se hace necesario desarrollar a nivel social una cultura, para lo cual el Estado con el sector privado y la sociedad civil deben promocionar iniciativas conjuntas. Por su parte establecer las normativas requeridas y por otra elevar programas formativos que incentiven la conformación de las empresas socialmente responsables

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions