Theoretical evaluation of MTF and charge collection efficiency in CCD and CMOS image sensor

Classical models used to calculate the Modulation Transfer function (MTF) of a solid-state image sensor generally use a sinusoidal type of illumination. The approach, described in this paper, consists in considering a point-source illumination to built a theoretical three dimensional model of the diffusion and the collection of photo-carriers created within the image sensor array. Fourier transform formalism is used for this type of illumination. Solutions allow to evaluate the spatial repartition of the charge density collected in the space charge region, i.e. to get the Pixel Response Function (PRF) formulation. PRF enables to calculate analytically both MTF and crosstalk at every needed wavelengths. The model can take into account a uniformly doped substrate and an epitaxial layer grown on a highly doped substrate. The built-in electric field induced by the EPI/Substrate doping gradient is also taken into account. For these configurations, MTF, charge collection efficiency and crosstalk proportion are calculated. The study is established in the case of photodiode pixel but it can be easily extended to pinned photodiode pixels and photogate pixels

Organización del sistema educativo senegalés

. The school, in its present form, is not the product of the internal development of African societies. In the case of Senegal, the creation and development of the school network followed the French penetration. Basically, far from reducing the distance that separates the dominator from the dominated, the school has, in most cases, helped to make it impassable in order to maintain the colonial order. It should be noted, however, that in the aftermath of the Second World War, school policy was dominated by the ideology of assimilation. It is from this school that independent Senegal has inherited. It posed to the young state, among other challenges, that of building, with an extroverted school, an identity and a sense of belonging to the Senegalese nation based on the promotion of history, cultures and national languages. However, the school institution, privileged place of education, does not belong less to a global environment. Also, we are also interested in this environment... We have chosen a methodological approach favoring the analysis of educational orientation laws as well as their texting in educational programs and official instructions.La escuela, en su forma actual, no es el producto del desarrollo interno de las sociedades africanas. En el caso de Senegal, la creación y el desarrollo de la red escolar siguieron la penetración francesa. Básicamente, lejos de reducir la distancia que separa al dominador del dominado, la escuela, en la mayoría de los casos, ha contribuido a que sea intransitable para mantener el orden colonial. Cabe señalar, sin embargo, que a raíz de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la política escolar estuvo dominada por la ideología de la asimilación. Es de esta escuela que el Senegal independiente ha heredado. Le planteó al joven estado, entre otros desafíos, el de construir, con una escuela extrovertida, una identidad y un sentido de pertenencia a la nación senegalesa basada en la promoción de la historia, las culturas y las lenguas nacionales. Sin embargo, la institución escolar, lugar de educación privilegiada, no pertenece a un entorno global. Además, también estamos interesados ​​en este entorno. Hemos elegido un enfoque metodológico que favorece el análisis de las leyes de orientación educativa y sus mensajes de texto en programas educativos e instrucciones oficiales.ORGANISATION DU SYSTEME EDUCATIF SENEGALAIS L’école, sous sa forme actuelle, n’est pas le produit du développement interne des sociétés africaines. Dans le cas du Sénégal, la création et le développement du réseau scolaire ont suivi la pénétration française. Fondamentalement, loin de réduire la distance qui sépare le dominateur du dominé, l’école a, le plus souvent, contribué à la rendre infranchissable en vue de maintenir l’ordre colonial. Soulignons toutefois qu’au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la politique scolaire a été dominée par l’idéologie de l’assimilation. C’est de cette école que le Sénégal indépendant a hérité. Elle posait au jeune État, entre autres défis, celui de construire, avec une école extravertie, une identité et un sentiment d’appartenance à la nation sénégalaise ayant pour fondement la promotion de l’histoire, des cultures et des langues nationales.. Toutefois, l’institution scolaire, lieu privilégié d’éducation, n’en appartient pas moins à un environnement global. Aussi, nous intéressons-nous également à cet environnement.. Nous avons choisi une approche méthodologique privilégiant l’analyse des lois d’orientation de l’éducation ainsi que leur mise en texte dans les programmes d’enseignement et les instructions officielles

Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa

Non peer reviewe

Diversities, affinities and diasporas: a southern lens and methodology for understanding multilingualisms

We frame multilingualisms through a growing interest in a linguistics and sociology of the ‘south’ and acknowledge earlier contributions of linguists in Africa, the Américas and Asia who have engaged with human mobility, linguistic contact and consequential ecologies that alter over time and space. Recently, conversations of multilingualism have drifted in two directions. Southern conversations have become intertwined with ‘decolonial theory’, and with ‘southern’ theory, thinking and epistemologies. In these, ‘southern’ is regarded as a metaphor for marginality, coloniality and entanglements of the geopolitical north and south. Northern debates that receive traction appear to focus on recent ‘re-awakenings’ in Europe and North America that mis-remember southern experiences of linguistic diversity. We provide a contextual backdrop for articles in this issue that illustrate intelligences of multilingualisms and the linguistic citizenship of southern people. In these, southern multilingualisms are revealed as phenomena, rather than as a phenomenon defined usually in English. The intention is to suggest a third direction of mutual advantage in rethinking the social imaginary in relation to communality, entanglements and interconnectivities of both South and North

Proton and g-ray irradiation on deep sub-micron processed CMOS image sensor

We present here a study on Active Pixel Sensor processed thanks to CMOS deep sub-micron technology dedicated to imaging. Isolated single photodiodes and 128x128 3T-pixel arrays were designed on the test chips. These devices were exposed to 60Co g-ray and proton irradiation to observe the space environment impact on CMOS image sensors. Ionization and displacement damage induced dark current increases in the photodiode due to interface states and trapped charges. Solutions to harden photodiodes manufactured against space radiation environment are discussed

Cross-Institutional Study for Languages: A Case Study in Ad Hoc Planning

Higher education institutions often claim that their decision-making processes are driven by a concern for economic efficiency. This 'efficiency' is often poorly defined. It has led some universities to reduce course offerings by sharing courses with neighbouring universities. Often, language courses have been chosen as the target. This chapter first presents a case study: data on the effects of replacing on-campus course delivery with cross-institutional arrangements, for Japanese language education between two universities in Canberra-the University of Canberra and the Australian National University. It then discusses what the resulting reduced number of language learners might mean, and the possible social costs of this change