Pembuatan Kompos secara Aerob dengan Bulking Agent Sekam Padi

Pengomposan merupakan suatu proses biologis oleh mikroorganisme yang mengubah sampah padat menjadi bahan yang stabil menyerupai humus. Pengolahan sampah untuk pembuatan kompos sudah mulai dilakukan tetapi umumnya menggunakan sistem konvensional dengan metode windrow yang memerlukan waktu yang lama. Untuk mengatasi kendala pembuatan kompos secara konvensional, pada penelitian ini akan dipelajari pembuatan kompos dari sampah organik sisa sayuran dari pasar tradisional dengan metode in vessel non flow reactor. Dengan metode ini aerasi dapat ditingkatkan sehingga proses pengomposan dapat dipercepat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio C/N dan aerasi pada metode in vessel non flow reactor. Pada proses pengomposan digunakan sampah sayur hijau, sekam padi, dan tongkol jagung dengan variasi komposisi berturut-turut 3:1:1, 8:1:1, 15:1:1 dan 30:1:1 dan variasi aerasi (forced aeration dan natural aeration). Variabel-variabel yang diamati adalah suhu kompos, kadar air, kadar C, dan kadar N. Dari hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa kompos dengan komposisi sampah sayur hijau : sekam padi: tongkol jagung = 3 : 1 : 1 dengan menggunakan forced aeration mengalami penurunan rasio C/N terbesar, yaitu dari 56,60 menjadi 15,84. Pada saat pengomposan, suhu tertinggi yang dapat dicapai adalah 37,1oC. Kompos ini dapat matang dalam 20 hari dan mempunyai tekstur menyerupai tanah

Aplikasi Image Retrieval Menggunakan Kombinasi Metode Color Moment Dan Gabor Texture

Pencarian gambarmenggunakan keyword berupa teks telah dirasakan kurang efektif. Hal inidisebabkan karena adanya batasan kemampuan teks dalam mewakili keseluruhan isidari gambar, terutama pada basisdata gambar yang besar. Keterbatasan tersebutmeliputi penilaian yang subjektif dalam mengartikan gambar dan pemberian namaberkas gambar yang belum tentu dapat mendeskripsikan isi gambar sepenuhnya.Pendekatan lain yang dilakukan dalam pencarian gambar adalah berdasarkan isidari gambar (content based imageretrieval). Penelitian ini membangun sebuah aplikasi untuk mencari gambarmelalui pendekatan content based imageretrieval dengan menggunakan kombinasi fitur warna dan tekstur. Fitur warnadiperoleh dengan menggunakan algoritma colormoment berdasarkan distribusi warna, yaitu nilai mean, variance dan skewness. Terdapat dua cara untukmendapatkan fitur warna yaitu secara global (whole) dan berdasarkan region.Fitur tekstur diperoleh dengan menggunakan algoritma Gabor texture. Fitur warna dan tekstur juga dikombinasikan untukmengetahui kemampuannya dalam proses pencarian gambar. Proses pengukurankemiripan gambar dihitung dengan menggunakan Conberra Distance. Hasil evaluasi diperoleh dengan membandingkannilai presisi dan recall pada saat proses pencarian gambar pada dataset. Hasileksperimen menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi colormoment region dan gabor texturedapat menampilkan hasil pencarian gambar yang lebih relevan yang ditunjukkandengan nilai presisi dan recall yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kombinasilainny

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Haem iron intake and risk of lung cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Background Epidemiological studies suggest that haem iron, which is found predominantly in red meat and increases endogenous formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds, may be positively associated with lung cancer. The objective was to examine the relationship between haem iron intake and lung cancer risk using detailed smoking history data and serum cotinine to control for potential confounding. Methods In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 416,746 individuals from 10 countries completed demographic and dietary questionnaires at recruitment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident lung cancer (n = 3731) risk relative to haem iron, non-haem iron, and total dietary iron intake. A corresponding analysis was conducted among a nested subset of 800 lung cancer cases and 1489 matched controls for whom serum cotinine was available. Results Haem iron was associated with lung cancer risk, including after adjustment for details of smoking history (time since quitting, number of cigarettes per day): as a continuous variable (HR per 0.3 mg/1000 kcal 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.07), and in the highest versus lowest quintile (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.32; trend across quintiles: P = 0.035). In contrast, non-haem iron intake was related inversely with lung cancer risk; however, this association attenuated after adjustment for smoking history. Additional adjustment for serum cotinine did not considerably alter the associations detected in the nested case-control subset. Conclusions Greater haem iron intake may be modestly associated with lung cancer risk.Peer reviewe

REPRESENTASI PERLAWANAN PRIBUMI MASA PERALIHAN ABAD KE-19 SAMPAI KE-20 DI HINDIA BELANDA DALAM NOVEL DE STILLE KRACHT (KARYA LOUIS COUPERUS) DAN BUMI MANUSIA (KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER)

This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native�s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19 th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native�s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, �in-between� space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people are �dangerous� people manusia for the colonial authorities because of their resemblance and resistance. With the literary style of memoir, Minke as a character-focalizer resists toward colonial systeem : he rejects chance to be a regent and unjust law in the White-court. With the narration by narrator as a Third-person (narrator-focalizer), DSK reveals the narratee of warnings to the colonial government about threats of Islamic resistance and the story about native resistance by using mystic/magic. Both of these novels are using a different style, but they represent how mankind experiences the truth and facts about the cruelty of the colonial system in Dutch Indie

Anthropometry and the risk of lung cancer in EPIC

The associations of body mass index (BMI) and other anthropometric measurements with lung cancer were examined in 348,108 participants in the European Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) between 1992 and 2010. The study population included 2,400 case patients with incident lung cancer, and the average length of follow-up was 11 years. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models in which we modeled smoking variables with cubic splines. Overall, there was a significant inverse association between BMI (weight (kg)/height (m)2) and the risk of lung cancer after adjustment for smoking and other confounders (for BMI of 30.0-34.9 versus 18.5-25.0, hazard ratio = 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.84). The strength of the association declined with increasing follow-up time. Conversely, after adjustment for BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio were significantly positively associated with lung cancer risk (for the highest category of waist circumference vs. the lowest, hazard ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.50). Given the decline of the inverse association between BMI and lung cancer over time, the association is likely at least partly due to weight loss resulting from preclinical lung cancer that was present at baseline. Residual confounding by smoking could also have influenced our findings