Plan estratégico para la eliminación del sarampión y la rubeola en España 2021-2025

Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Plan estratégico para la eliminación del sarampión y la rubeola en España. Ministerio de Sanidad. Enero 2021[ES] El sarampión y la rubeola constituyen importantes problemas de salud pública y ambas enfermedades son potencialmente candidatas a erradicarse mediante vacunación. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) coordina a nivel mundial la eliminación del sarampión y la rubeola y realiza un seguimiento anual de los progresos que se van alcanzando en las diferentes Regiones. La Comisión Regional de Verificación de la eliminación del sarampión y la rubeola declaró que España está en situación de eliminación de la rubeola desde 2015 y del sarampión desde 2016, manteniéndose esta situación en las evaluaciones anuales sucesivas. El 2º Estudio de Seroprevalencia en España, realizado en 2017-2018, muestra un descenso de la población con títulos de anticuerpos frente a sarampión protectores en la población que los ha obtenido mediante vacunación, en un contexto sin circulación del virus salvaje. En relación a la rubeola, se observa una muy elevada inmunidad de la población frente al virus de la rubeola en todos los grupos de edad, demostrando el mantenimiento de la inmunidad conferida por la vacunación. Este Plan Estratégico para la Eliminación del Sarampión y la Rubeola en España 2021-2025, en adelante el Plan, actualiza el Plan Nacional de Eliminación del Sarampión, del año 2000 y el Protocolo de Vigilancia de la Rubeola y el Síndrome de Rubeola Congénita, de 2007, que juntos formaban el Plan de Eliminación del Sarampión y la Rubeola para España. El Plan para 2021-2025 está estructurado en tres estrategias y seis objetivos: Estrategia 1 – Fortalecer la inmunidad de la población: Objetivo 1 – Alcanzar y mantener coberturas de vacunación de al menos el 95% con dos dosis de vacuna triple vírica en España y en cada una de las CCAA y ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla mediante el programa sistemático de vacunación. Objetivo 2 – Identificar, captar y asegurar la vacunación de la población susceptible. Estrategia 2 – Fortalecer el sistema de vigilancia y la actuación en brotes: Objetivo 3 – Detectar, investigar y controlar los casos aislados y los brotes de sarampión y rubeola. Objetivo 4 – Garantizar una investigación de laboratorio de calidad. Objetivo 5 – Implementar de forma rápida las medidas de control de brotes que supongan un evento de salud pública e importancia nacional o internacional. Estrategia 3 – Crear y reforzar estrategias de comunicación, información y asesoría: Objetivo 6 – Informar, capacitar, relacionar e involucrar a todos los agentes de los que depende directa o indirectamente la eliminación del sarampión y la rubeola. Para cada uno de los objetivos se han establecido actividades para su consecución. Se realizará un seguimiento anual del Plan, en el que se recogerá una evaluación de las actividades realizadas mediante la recogida de los indicadores que se han definido para cada una de las estrategias y objetivos. El informe técnico anual se revisa y evalúa por el Comité Nacional de Verificación y se envía online para la evaluación que a su vez realiza la Comisión Regional Europea de Verificación de la Eliminación del Sarampión y la Rubeola. [EN] Measles and rubella are major public health problems, and both diseases are potentially candidates for eradication by vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates the elimination of measles and rubella at a global level and annually monitors the progress made in the different Regions. The Regional Commission for the Verification of the elimination of measles and rubella at European level declared that Spain has been in a situation of elimination of rubella since 2015 and measles since 2016, maintaining this situation in successive annual evaluations. The 2nd Seroprevalence Study in Spain carried out in 2017-2018, shows a decrease in the population with protective measles antibody titers is observed in those that obtained immunity by vaccination, and in a context without circulation of the wild virus. Regarding rubella, a very high immunity of the population against the virus is observed in all age groups, demonstrating the maintenance of the immunity conferred by vaccination. The Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Measles and Rubella in Spain 2021-2025, hereinafter the Plan, updates the National Plan for the Elimination of Measles, of the year 2000 and the Protocol for the Surveillance of Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome, of 2007, which together formed the Measles and Rubella Elimination Plan for Spain. The Plan for 2021-2025 is structured in three strategies and six objectives: Strategy 1 - Strengthen the immunity of the population: Objective 1 - Achieve and maintain vaccination coverage of at least 95% with two doses of MMR vaccine in Spain and in each of the Autonomous Communities and cities of Ceuta and Melilla through the systematic vaccination program. Objective 2 - Identify, capture and ensure vaccination of the susceptible population. Strategy 2 - Strengthen the surveillance system and action in outbreaks: Objective 3 - Detect, investigate and control isolated cases and outbreaks of measles and rubella. Objective 4 - Guarantee quality laboratory research. Objective 5 - Quickly implement outbreak control measures that involve a public health event of national or international importance. Strategy 3 - Create and reinforce communication, information and advice strategies: Objective 6 - Inform, train, relate and involve all the agents on whom the elimination of measles and rubella depends directly or indirectly. Activities have been established for each of the objectives. Annual monitoring of the Plan, including an evaluation of the activities, will be carried out by collecting the defined indicators for each of the strategies and objectives. The National Verification Committee will review and evaluate the annual technical report that will be sent for the assessment conducted by the European Regional Commission for the Verification of the Elimination of Measles and Rubella.N

Evolutionary Heritage Influences Amazon Tree Ecology

Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these processes requires large-scale quantification of traits and evolutionary relationships among species. The Amazonian tree flora comprises a high diversity of angiosperm lineages and species with widely differing life-history characteristics, providing an excellent system to investigate the combined influences of evolutionary heritage and selection in determining trait variation. We used trait data related to the major axes of life-history variation among tropical trees (e.g. growth and mortality rates) from 577 inventory plots in closed-canopy forest, mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis spanning more than 300 genera including all major angiosperm clades to test for evolutionary constraints on traits. We found significant phylogenetic signal (PS) for all traits, consistent with evolutionarily related genera having more similar characteristics than expected by chance. Although there is also evidence for repeated evolution of pioneer and shade tolerant life-history strategies within independent lineages, the existence of significant PS allows clearer predictions of the links between evolutionary diversity, ecosystem function and the response of tropical forests to global change

Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential

Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system 1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests 2–5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced 6 and satellite-derived approaches 2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151–363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea 2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets

The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit

Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate