Teratogenic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl on the skeletal system and fetal growth in Balb/c mice

زمینه و هدف: مطالعات مختلف نشان داده اند که خانم های باردار بدون توجه به تاثیرات تراتوژن بیشتر گیاهان دارویی به استفاده از این گیاهان می پردازند. از جمله این گیاهان که دارای خواص متعدد درمانی است، چای کوهی می باشد که تا به حال اثر تراتوژن آن بررسی نشده است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر عصاره چای کوهی در غلظت های مختلف در ایجاد ناهنجاری در موش های سوری انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، 60 سر موش سوری ماده بالغ پس از جفت گیری و مشاهده پلاک واژنی، به صورت تصادفی به شش گروه (دو گروه کنترل و 4 گروه مورد) تقسیم شدند. چهار گروه مورد از روز 7 تا 12 حاملگی به مدت 6 روز عصاره چای کوهی با غلظت های 50، 100، 150 و 200 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم را به صورت داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند. در روز 18 حاملگی جنین ها از لوله رحمی خارج شدند و ابتدا وزن و قد آنها با ترازوی حساس دیجیتالی و کولیس اندازه گیری و سپس با رنگ الیزارین رد رنگ آمیزی و از نظر ناهنجاری های اسکلتی بررسی شدند. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری کای دو، کروسکال والیس و آزمون تعقیبی دان تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: عصاره چای کوهی در دوزهای مختلف باعث اختلال در رشد (قد و وزن) جنین ها شد و این اختلال با افزایش دوز عصاره افزایش نشان داد (01/0

Abortificient effects of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl in mice

زمینه و هدف: مطالعات مختلف نشان داده اند که خانم ها بدون توجه به تاثیرات سقط آور و ناهنجاری زایی بیشتر گیاهان دارویی به استفاده از این گیاهان در دوران حاملگی می پردازند. از جمله این گیاهان که دارای خواص متعدد درمانی مثل اضطراب چای کوهی (Stachys lavandulifolia) است که تا به حال اثر سقط زایی آن بررسی نشده است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر عصاره چای کوهی در غلظت های مختلف در ایجاد سقط در موش های سوری انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه، 36 سر موش سوری بالغ ماده پس از جفت گیری و مشاهده پلاک واژنی، به صورت تصادفی به شش گروه تقسیم شدند. دو گروه به عنوان کنترل و چهار گروه به عنوان مورد که از روز 7 تا 12 حاملگی به مدت 6 روز عصاره چای کوهی با غلظت های 50، 100، 150 و 200 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم به صورت داخل صفاقی دریافت کردند. در روز 16 حاملگی عمل سزارین انجام و تعداد جنین های جذب شده شمارش و به عنوان سقط در نظر گرفته شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با تست آماری کروسکال والیس و آزمون تعقیبی دان صورت گرفت. یافته ها: میانگین نسبت جنین های سقط شده در غلظت های 50، 100، 150 و 200 mg/kg به ترتیب 108/0±136/0، 151/0±263/0، 391/0±583/0 و 172/0±353/0 بود و در دو گروه کنترل جنین سقط شده مشاهده نشد. بر اساس آزمون کروسکال والیس اثرات سقط زایی گیاه وابسته به دوز است (05/0>P). نتیجه گیری: عصاره گیاه چای کوهی دارای خواص سقط آور می باشد و لازم است مصرف این گیاه در دوران بارداری با احتیاط صورت گیرد

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Drug use prevalence among students of universities of medical sciences in Tehran

Objective: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of drug use among students of universities of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Method: Four thousands of medical students (both sexes) in academic year 1388-89 in different level of education, B.A., M.Sc. and Ph.D. were selected by random stratified sampling method. These students were selected from Iran, Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of Medical Sciences considering their sex and level of education. We used drug use prevalence questionnaire. Findings: The most prevalent drug of abuse in life time period was qalyan (classical pipe), followed by cigarette, and alcohol. The least frequent drug of abuse was Shisheh, followed by heroine krack. As we expected, drugs morphine, ritalin and tramadol were placed in forth, fifth and sixth of prevalent drugs. Use of different substances was significantly more prevalent in male students. Conclusion: Using soft drugs (qalyan, cigarette and alcohol) was more prevalent than hard drugs (hashish, taryak, heroine kerack) among Universities Medical Sciences of Tehran. Similar to drug use pattern in society, use of all of drugs were more prevalent in male students. We should pay special attention to use of drugs such as tramadol, ritalin, petedin and morphine

One-month Outcome of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with Positive Creatine Kinase-MB and Negative Troponin; a Brief Report

<span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family: "B Nazanin"'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> ADDIN EN.REFLIST <span style='mso-element: field-separator'>Introduction: Biochemical markers of myocardial injuries have radical importance in diagnosis or dismissing cardiac events, especially in cases that electrocardiographic findings are not present. Therefore, this study was designed aiming to appraise 1-month outcome of patients presenting to emergency department (ED) following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with positive creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and negative troponin. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done on patients presenting to ED with complaint of acute chest pain and diagnosis of ACS. Patients who did not have a clear electrocardiographic finding indicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) (ST segment elevation) and had positive CK-MB and negative troponin in laboratory tests of serum were included. Demographic data and baseline characteristics, CK serum level, CK-MB, troponin, and 30-day outcome of the patients were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Results: 13759 patients had visited the ED with complaint of chest pain during the study period (57% female). 1003 (7.3%) patients had positive troponin test and 12704 (92.3%) had negative CK-MB index and were therefore eliminated from the study. Finally, 52 (0.4%) had both positive CK-MB and negative troponin indices. 35 (67.3%) of them were discharged from ED after serial electrocardiography and negative troponin test. 11 (21.2%) were admitted to critical care unit but were discharged due to having 2 negative troponin tests in 12 hours and normal serial electrocardiogram. 6 (11.5%) were referred for surgical interventions. No mortality was seen in 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, only 0.4% of ACS patients presenting to the studied ED had positive CK-MB and negative troponin indices. During 1-month follow-up, no case of mortality or MI was observed among them. Only 2 (3.8%) cases needed surgical intervention. <span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"B Nazanin";mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element: field-end'><![endif]--

پیامد یکماهه بیماران مبتلا به سندرم کروناری حاد با کراتین کیناز- ام بی مثبت و تروپونین منفی؛ یک گزارش کوتاه

Introduction: Biochemical markers of myocardial injuries have radical importance in diagnosis or dismissing cardiac events, especially in cases that electrocardiographic findings are not present. Therefore, this study was designed aiming to appraise 1-month outcome of patients presenting to emergency department (ED) following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with positive creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and negative troponin. Methods:This prospective cross-sectional study was done on patients presenting to ED with complaint of acute chest pain and diagnosis of ACS. Patients who did not have a clear electrocardiographic finding indicating acute myocardial infarction (MI) (ST segment elevation) and had positive CK-MB and negative troponin in laboratory tests of serum were included. Demographic data and baseline characteristics, CK serum level, CK-MB, troponin, and 30-day outcome of the patients were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Results: 13759 patients had visited the ED with complaint of chest pain during the study period (57% female). 1003 (7.3%) patients had positive troponin test and 12704 (92.3%) had negative CK-MB index and were therefore eliminated from the study. Finally, 52 (0.4%) had both positive CK-MB and negative troponin indices. 35 (67.3%) of them were discharged from ED after serial electrocardiography and negative troponin test. 11 (21.2%) were admitted to critical care unit but were discharged due to having 2 negative troponin tests in 12 hours and normal serial electrocardiogram. 6 (11.5%) were referred for surgical interventions. No mortality was seen in 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, only 0.4% of ACS patients presenting to the studied ED had positive CK-MB and negative troponin indices. During 1-month follow-up, no case of mortality or MI was observed among them. Only 2 (3.8%) cases needed surgical intervention.  مقدمه: مارکرهای بیوشیمیایی مربوط به آسیب میوکارد به خصوص در مواردی که یافته های الکتروکاردیوگرافیک وجود ندارند، اهمیتی بنیادی در تشخیص یا رد عارضه قلبی دارند. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی پیامد یک ماهه بیماران مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس به دنبال سندرم کروناری حاد با کراتین کیناز-ام بی مثبت و تروپنين منفي طراحی شده است.روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی آینده نگر بر روی بیماران مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس با شکایت درد حاد قفسه سینه و تشخیص سندرم کروناری حاد صورت پذیرفته است. بیمارانی که یافته الکتروکاردیوگرافیک واضحی به نفع سکته قلبی حاد نداشتند (بالا رفتن قطعه ST) و از طرفی در بررسی آزمایشگاهی سطح سرمی کراتین کیناز-ام بی مثبت و تروپونین منفی داشتند وارد مطالعه شدند. متغیرهای دموگرافیک و پایه، سطح سرمی کراتین کیناز، کراتین کیناز-ام بی و تروپونین و پیامد 30 روزه بیماران با نرم افزار آماریSPSS  نسخه 19 مورد آنالیز قرار گرفتند.یافته ها: 13759 بیمار در طول زمان مطالعه با شکایت درد قفسه سینه به بخش اورژانس مذکور مراجعه کرده بودند (57 درصد زن). 1003 (3/7 درصد) بیمار دارای تست تروپونین مثبت و 12704 (3/92 درصد) مورد اندکس کراتین کیناز-ام بی منفی داشتند و درنتیجه از مطالعه حذف شدند. در نهایت52 (4/0 درصد) نفر اندکس کراتین کیناز-ام بی مثبت و تروپونین منفی داشتند. 35 (3/67 درصد) بیمار با انجام نوار قلب سریال و تست تروپونین منفی از بخش اورژانس ترخیص گردیدند. 11 (2/21 درصد) بیمار در بخش سی سی یو بستری شدند که در فاصله زمانی 12 ساعت دو بار تروپونین منفی و نوار قلبی سریال نرمال داشته و ترخیص شدند.6 (5/11 درصد) بیمار نیز جهت انجام مداخلات جراحی ارجاع شدند. هیچ مورد مورتالیتی در پیگیری یک ماهه مشاهده نگردید.نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج مطالعه حاضر تنها 4/0 درصد از بیماران مبتلا به سندرم کروناری حاد مراجعه کننده به بخش اورژانس مذکور دارای اندکس کراتین کیناز-ام بی مثبت و تروپونین منفی بودند که در بررسی پیامد یک ماهه هیچ موردی از مرگ و میر و سکته قلبی در آنها مشاهده نگردید. تنها 2 (8/3 درصد) مورد نیازمند مداخله جراحی شدند.