Individual or Group-based Approach to the Assessment of Preschool Children: A Comparison using the INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA)

Introduction: It is unclear if the assessment of early child development can be carried out using a group approach, as opposed to individually.&#x0D; Objective: To compare scores obtained from children aged 22 to 26 months assessed either in small groups or individually using the INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment  (INTER-NDA), which measures cognition, language, motor skills, behavior, attention and socio-emotional reactivity.&#x0D; Methods: A small group based strategy for administering and scoring the INTER-NDA was developed. Thirty-six preschool children attending four Centros de Cuidado y Atención Infantil of the Sistema Nacional para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (DIF) of Mexico were assessed in small groups of three children by a teacher specifically trained in the INTER-NDA. A second teacher, unaware of the group results, assessed the children individually on a different day. The sex, age, weight, length and head circumference of the children at the time of assessment were recorded.&#x0D; Results: INTER-NDA domain scores for group and individual assessments were statistically significantly correlated (range r=0.35 to r=1.00) for all domains except receptive language (r=0.25, p=0.14). Bland-Altman analysis showed agreement between group and individual scores for the language, behavior, attention and socio-emotional reactivity domains, and consistency (but not agreement) between group and individual scores for the cognitive and motor domains. None of the differences between group and individual scores examined were statistically significant, even after adjusting for the children’s age, sex, nutritional status and location of the preschool.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Conclusion: INTER-NDA domain specific scores obtained following group and individual assessment of children aged 22 to 26 months are consistent. It is feasible for trained preschool teachers to administer INTER-NDA at both group and individual level.</jats:p

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

ANÁLISIS DE LAS INTERACCIONES FISICOQUÍMICAS Y ECOLÓGICAS EN LOS MECANISMOS DE ANTAGONISMO ENTRE HONGOS OCRATOXIGÉNICOS PRESENTES EN CEREZAS DE CAFÉ Y BACTERIAS ÁCIDO LÁCTICAS

International audienc

CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ gastric cancer stem cells predict tumor progression and metastasis: clinical and experimental evidence

Abstract Background Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Specific and thorough identification of cancer cell subsets with higher tumorigenicity and chemoresistance, such as cancer stem cells (CSCs), could lead to the development of new and promising therapeutic targets. For better CSC identification, a complete or extended surface marker phenotype is needed to provide increased specificity for new cell targeting approaches. Our goal is to identify and characterize a putative extended phenotype for CSCs derived from patients with GC before treatment, as well as to evaluate its clinical value. In addition, we aim to ensure that cells with this phenotype have stemness and self-renewal capabilities. Methods This is a cohort study including 127 treatment-naïve patients with GC who attended the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Multiparametric flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine the extended phenotype of cells derived from gastric biopsies. The tumorigenic capability of cells identified in patients was assessed in a zebrafish model. Results CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells were present in all treatment-naïve patients included, with a median abundance of 1.16% (0.57–1.89%). The percentage of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells was categorized as high or low using 1.19% as the cutoff for the CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cell subset. Additionally, a higher TNM stage correlated with a higher percentage of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells (Rho coefficient 0.369; p < 0.0001). We also demonstrated that a higher percentage of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells was positively associated with metastasis. The metastatic potential of these cells was confirmed in a zebrafish model. Ultimately, under our conditions, we conclude that CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells are true gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs). Conclusion The CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells present in tissue samples from patients are true GCSCs. This extended phenotype results in better and more specific characterization of these highly tumorigenic cells. The relative quantification of CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ cells has potential clinical value, as these cells are associated with metastatic disease, making their presence an additional prognostic marker and possibly a target for the design of new antineoplastic treatments in the era of precision oncology. Overall, the extended CD24+CD44+CD54+EpCAM+ phenotype of GCSCs could support their isolation for the study of their stemness mechanisms, leading to the identification of better molecular targets for the development of both new therapeutic approaches such as oncoimmunotherapy and new diagnostic and clinical prognostic strategies for GC

Peace in crisis: territorialize the crisis

Paz en crisis es un proyecto editorial con el que se cierra un programa de investi gación de años atrás y en el que se condensan distintas aproximaciones sobre la paz; en esta oportunidad, bajo la lupa o noción de crisis. Los aportes se encuentran agrupados en 4 tomos, 44 capítulos y 6 bloques temáticos en donde 87 autores ofrecen perspectivas multidisciplinares y multidimensionales, pluralidad meto dológica y variedad en las maneras de hacer investigación y con estilos de escritura diferenciados. Los tomos, en su conjunto, presentan reflexiones diversas sobre las antiguas, múltiples y nuevas conflictividades (tanto armadas como no armadas), así como de los diferentes actores (heredados, emergentes y transformados), en el escenario de lo que ha venido refiriéndose por algunos especialistas como una situación de posacuerdo bélico en Colombia. Este primer tomo, titulado Nociones, acuerdo e implementación (compuesto por trece capítulos y un epílogo), analiza la situación actual de la paz, la democra cia, la seguridad y el ejercicio de los derechos en Colombia, demostrando que lejos de las aspiraciones de estabilización y avance contenidas en los acuerdos, es una renovada y multimodal conflictividad la que define el contexto nacional. En este tomo se apunta a debatir nociones conceptuales y aproximaciones a proble máticas particulares, que resultan relevantes en el marco contextual de crisis que atraviesa la implementación de los acuerdos de paz alcanzados en La Habana. La polarización originada en todos los escenarios de la vida política y social del país como consecuencia del apoyo o rechazo al proceso de paz y sus mecanismos de implementación, ha puesto de manifiesto una profunda crisis de los consensos necesarios, ya no solo para la puesta en marcha de lo acordado en el proceso de paz, sino también de los fundamentos de cohesión que deben hacerse presentes en la elaboración de cualquier proyecto de construcción social amplio, incluyente y sostenible.Peace in crisis is an editorial project that closes a research program gation from years ago and in which different approaches are condensed on the peace; on this occasion, under the magnifying glass or notion of crisis. The contributions are found grouped in 4 volumes, 44 chapters and 6 thematic blocks where 87 authors offer multidisciplinary and multidimensional perspectives, meta plurality dology and variety in the ways of doing research and writing styles differentiated. The volumes, as a whole, present diverse reflections on the ancient, multiple and new conflicts (both armed and unarmed), as well as the different actors (inherited, emerging and transformed), on the stage of what has been referred to by some specialists as a situation of post-war agreement in Colombia. This first volume, entitled Notions, agreement and implementation (composed or thirteen chapters and an epilogue), analyzes the current situation of peace, democracy cia, security and the exercise of rights in Colombia, demonstrating that far from the aspirations of stabilization and progress contained in the agreements, it is a renewed and multimodal conflictivity that defines the national context. In This volume aims to debate conceptual notions and approaches to problems. particular themes, which are relevant in the contextual framework of crisis that is going through the implementation of the peace agreements reached in Havana. The polarization originating in all scenarios of the country's political and social life as a consequence of the support or rejection of the peace process and its mechanisms of implementation, has revealed a deep crisis of consensus necessary, not only for the implementation of what was agreed in the process of peace, but also of the foundations of cohesion that must be present in the development of any broad, inclusive and social construction project sustainable peace, but also of the foundations of cohesion that must be present in the development of any broad, inclusive and social construction project sustainable.Bogot

Fundamentos para el cálculo - MA384 201801

Descripción: El curso de Fundamentos para el Cálculo es un curso teórico - práctico, dictado en modalidad Blended, dirigido a los estudiantes de Administración del primer ciclo y que trabaja en las primeras unidades los temas de ecuaciones, inecuaciones y gráficas en el plano, para poder acometer el estudio de las funciones en la unidad 3, y usarlas para resolver problemas de aplicación con contexto real. Las clases se imparten en 3 sesiones semanales, las dos primeras son presenciales y la tercera es online. Propósito: El curso está diseñado para desarrollar en los estudiantes la competencia de Razonamiento Cuantitativo, a nivel 1, por medio del estudio de situaciones problemáticas a las que, de ahora en adelante nos referiremos como casos, cuyo dominio les ayudará a desenvolverse con éxito en situaciones que involucran el pensamiento matemático para la toma de decisiones

Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial

Background: Additional safe and efficacious vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate. Methods: HERALD is a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 clinical trial conducted in 47 centres in ten countries in Europe and Latin America. By use of an interactive web response system and stratification by country and age group (18–60 years and ≥61 years), adults with no history of virologically confirmed COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intramuscularly either two 0·6 mL doses of CVnCoV containing 12 μg of mRNA or two 0·6 mL doses of 0·9% NaCl (placebo) on days 1 and 29. The primary efficacy endpoint was the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity and caused by any strain from 15 days after the second dose. For the primary endpoint, the trial was considered successful if the lower limit of the CI was greater than 30%. Key secondary endpoints were the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed moderate-to-severe COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 of any severity by age group. Primary safety outcomes were solicited local and systemic adverse events within 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after each dose in phase 2b participants, and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest up to 1 year after the second dose in phase 2b and phase 3 participants. Here, we report data up to June 18, 2021. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04652102, and EudraCT, 2020–003998–22, and is ongoing. Findings: Between Dec 11, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 39 680 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either CVnCoV (n=19 846) or placebo (n=19 834), of whom 19 783 received at least one dose of CVnCoV and 19 746 received at least one dose of placebo. After a mean observation period of 48·2 days (SE 0·2), 83 cases of COVID-19 occurred in the CVnCoV group (n=12 851) in 1735·29 person-years and 145 cases occurred in the placebo group (n=12 211) in 1569·87 person-years, resulting in an overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 of 48·2% (95·826% CI 31·0–61·4; p=0·016). Vaccine efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was 70·7% (95% CI 42·5–86·1; CVnCoV 12 cases in 1735·29 person-years, placebo 37 cases in 1569·87 person-years). In participants aged 18–60 years, vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease was 52·5% (95% CI 36·2–64·8; CVnCoV 71 cases in 1591·47 person-years, placebo, 136 cases in 1449·23 person-years). Too few cases occurred in participants aged 61 years or older (CVnCoV 12, placebo nine) to allow meaningful assessment of vaccine efficacy. Solicited adverse events, which were mostly systemic, were more common in CVnCoV recipients (1933 [96·5%] of 2003) than in placebo recipients (1344 [67·9%] of 1978), with 542 (27·1%) CVnCoV recipients and 61 (3·1%) placebo recipients reporting grade 3 solicited adverse events. The most frequently reported local reaction after any dose in the CVnCoV group was injection-site pain (1678 [83·6%] of 2007), with 22 grade 3 reactions, and the most frequently reported systematic reactions were fatigue (1603 [80·0%] of 2003) and headache (1541 [76·9%] of 2003). 82 (0·4%) of 19 783 CVnCoV recipients reported 100 serious adverse events and 66 (0·3%) of 19 746 placebo recipients reported 76 serious adverse events. Eight serious adverse events in five CVnCoV recipients and two serious adverse events in two placebo recipients were considered vaccination-related. None of the fatal serious adverse events reported (eight in the CVnCoV group and six in the placebo group) were considered to be related to study vaccination. Adverse events of special interest were reported for 38 (0·2%) participants in the CVnCoV group and 31 (0·2%) participants in the placebo group. These events were considered to be related to the trial vaccine for 14 (<0·1%) participants in the CVnCoV group and for five (<0·1%) participants in the placebo group. Interpretation: CVnCoV was efficacious in the prevention of COVID-19 of any severity and had an acceptable safety profile. Taking into account the changing environment, including the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and timelines for further development, the decision has been made to cease activities on the CVnCoV candidate and to focus efforts on the development of next-generation vaccine candidates. Funding: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and CureVac

Trends in cardiometabolic risk factors in the Americas between 1980 and 2014: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys

Background: Describing the prevalence and trends of cardiometabolic risk factors that are associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial for monitoring progress, planning prevention, and providing evidence to support policy efforts. We aimed to analyse the transition in body-mass index (BMI), obesity, blood pressure, raised blood pressure, and diabetes in the Americas, between 1980 and 2014. Methods: We did a pooled analysis of population-based studies with data on anthropometric measurements, biomarkers for diabetes, and blood pressure from adults aged 18 years or older. A Bayesian model was used to estimate trends in BMI, raised blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg), and diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥7•0 mmol/L, history of diabetes, or diabetes treatment) from 1980 to 2014, in 37 countries and six subregions of the Americas. Findings: 389 population-based surveys from the Americas were available. Comparing prevalence estimates from 2014 with those of 1980, in the non-English speaking Caribbean subregion, the prevalence of obesity increased from 3•9% (95% CI 2•2–6•3) in 1980, to 18•6% (14•3–23•3) in 2014, in men; and from 12•2% (8•2–17•0) in 1980, to 30•5% (25•7–35•5) in 2014, in women. The English-speaking Caribbean subregion had the largest increase in the prevalence of diabetes, from 5•2% (2•1–10•4) in men and 6•4% (2•6–10•4) in women in 1980, to 11•1% (6•4–17•3) in men and 13•6% (8•2–21•0) in women in 2014). Conversely, the prevalence of raised blood pressure has decreased in all subregions; the largest decrease was found in North America from 27•6% (22•3–33•2) in men and 19•9% (15•8–24•4) in women in 1980, to 15•5% (11•1–20•9) in men and 10•7% (7•7–14•5) in women in 2014. Interpretation: Despite the generally high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors across the Americas, estimates also showed a high level of heterogeneity in the transition between countries. The increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes observed over time requires appropriate measures to deal with these public health challenges. Our results support a diversification of health interventions across subregions and countries.Fil: Miranda, J. Jaime. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Ferreccio, Catterina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Hambleton, Ian R.. The University Of The West Indies; BarbadosFil: Lotufo, Paulo A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis. Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System; Estados UnidosFil: Zhou, Bin. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Bentham, James. University Of Kent; Reino UnidoFil: Bixby, Honor. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Hajifathalian, Kaveh. Cleveland Clinic; Estados UnidosFil: Lu, Yuan. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Taddei, Cristina. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Abarca-Gomez, Leandra. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social; Costa RicaFil: Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; MéxicoFil: Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.. (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Andrade, Dolores S.. Universidad de Cuenca; EcuadorFil: Assunção, Maria Cecilia F.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Barcelo, Alberto. Pan American Health Organization; Estados UnidosFil: Barros, Aluisio J.D.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Barros, Mauro V.G.. Universidade de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Bata, Iqbal. Dalhousie University Halifax; CanadáFil: Batista, Rosangela L.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhao; BrasilFil: Benet, Mikhail. Cafam University Foundation; ColombiaFil: Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Bettiol, Heloisa. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Boggia, Jose G.. Universidad de la Republica; UruguayFil: Boissonnet, Carlos P.. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas; ArgentinaFil: Brewster, Lizzy M.. University of Amsterdam; Países BajosFil: Cameron, Christine. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute; CanadáFil: Cândido, Ana Paula C.. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; BrasilFil: Cardoso, Viviane C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Chan, Queenie. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Christofaro, Diego G.. Universidade Estadual Paulista; BrasilFil: Confortin, Susana C.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Craig, Cora L.. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute; CanadáFil: d'Orsi, Eleonora. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Delisle, Hélène. University of Montreal; CanadáFil: De Oliveira, Paula Duarte. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares. Universidade do Vale do Rio Dos Sinos; BrasilFil: Diaz, Alberto Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Escuela Superior de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Municipalidad de Tandil. Hospital Municipal Ramón Santamarina; ArgentinaFil: Donoso, Silvana P.. Universidad de Cuenca; EcuadorFil: Elliott, Paul. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Escobedo-de La Peña, Jorge. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; MéxicoFil: Ferguson, Trevor S.. The University of The West Indies; JamaicaFil: Fernandes, Romulo A.. Universidade Estadual Paulista; BrasilFil: Ferrante, Daniel. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Flores, Eric Monterubio. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Francis, Damian K.. The University of The West Indies; JamaicaFil: Do Carmo Franco, Maria. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Fuchs, Flavio D.. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Fuchs, Sandra C.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Goltzman, David. Université McGill; CanadáFil: Gonçalves, Helen. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P.. The Andes Clinic Of Cardio-Metabolic Studies; VenezuelaFil: Gorbea, Mariano Bonet. Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología; CubaFil: Gregor, Ronald D.. Dalhousie University Halifax; CanadáFil: Guerrero, Ramiro. Universidad Icesi; ColombiaFil: Guimaraes, Andre L.. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; BrasilFil: Gulliford, Martin C.. King’s College London; Reino UnidoFil: Gutierrez, Laura. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Hernandez Cadena, Leticia. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Herrera, Víctor M.. (Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga; ColombiaFil: Hopman, Wilma M.. Kingston General Hospital; CanadáFil: Horimoto, Andrea RVR. Instituto do Coração; BrasilFil: Hormiga, Claudia M.. Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander; ColombiaFil: Horta, Bernardo L.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Howitt, Christina. The University of the West Indies; BarbadosFil: Irazola, Wilma E.. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez-Acosta, Santa Magaly. Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología; CubaFil: Joffres, Michel. Simon Fraser University; CanadáFil: Kolsteren, Patricia. (Institute of Tropical Medicine; BélgicaFil: Landrove, Orlando. Ministerio de Salud Pública; CubaFil: Li, Yanping. Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Estados UnidosFil: Lilly, Christa L.. West Virginia University; Estados UnidosFil: Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Louzada Strufaldi, Maria Wany. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Machado-Coelho, George L. L.. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; BrasilFil: Makdisse, Marcia. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein; BrasilFil: Margozzini, Paula. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Pruner Marques, Larissa. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Martorell, Reynaldo. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Mascarenhas, Luis. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Matijasevich, Alicia. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Mc Donald Posso, Anselmo J.. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies; PanamáFil: McFarlane, Shelly R.. The University of the West Indies; JamaicaFil: McLean, Scott B.. (Statistics Canada; CanadáFil: Menezes, Ana Maria B.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Miquel, Juan Francisco. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Mohanna, Salim. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Monterrubio, Eric A.. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Moreira, Leila B.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Morejon, Alain. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas; CubaFil: Motta, Jorge. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health; PanamáFil: Neal, William A.. West Virginia University; Estados UnidosFil: Nervi, Flavio. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Noboa, Oscar A.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M.. Universidad de Cuenca; EcuadorFil: Olinto, Maria Teresa Anselmo. Universidad de Vale do Rio dos Sinos; BrasilFil: Oliveira, Isabel O.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Ono, Lariane M.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Ordunez, Pedro. Pan American Health Organization; Estados UnidosFil: Ortiz, Ana P.. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto RicoFil: Otero, Johanna A.. Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander; ColombiaFil: Palloni, Alberto. University of Wisconsin-Madison; Estados UnidosFil: Viana Peixoto, Sergio. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Pereira, Alexandre C.. Instituto do Coração; BrasilFil: Pérez, Cynthia M.. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto RicoFil: Rangel Reina, Daniel A.. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies; PanamáFil: Ribeiro, Robespierre. Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Ritti-Dias, Raphael M.. Universidade Nove de Julho; BrasilFil: Rivera, Juan A.. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Robitaille, Cynthia. Public Health Agency of Canada; CanadáFil: Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A.. Universidad Industrial de Santander; ColombiaFil: Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Roy, Joel G. R.. Statistics Canada; CanadáFil: Rubinstein, Adolfo Luis. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; MéxicoFil: Salazar Martinez, Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Sánchez-Abanto, José. Instituto Nacional de Salud; PerúFil: Santos , Ina S.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: dos Santos, Renata Nunes. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Scazufca, Marcia. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Schargrodsky, Herman. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Antonio M.. Universidade Federal do Maranhao; BrasilFil: Santos Silva, Diego Augusto. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Stein, Aryeh D.. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Suárez-Medina, Ramón. Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología; CubaFil: Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B.. Instituto Nacional de Salud; PerúFil: Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K.. The University of the West Indies; JamaicaFil: Ueda, Peter. Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Estados UnidosFil: Ugel, Eunice E.. Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado; VenezuelaFil: Valdivia, Gonzalo. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Varona, Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología; CubaFil: Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. Institute of Tropical Medicine; BélgicaFil: Victora, Cesar G.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Wanderley Jr, Rildo S.. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Wang, Ming-Dong. Public Health Agency of Canada; CanadáFil: Wilks, Rainford J.. The University of the West Indies; JamaicaFil: Wong-McClure, Roy A.. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social; Costa RicaFil: Younger-Coleman, Novie O.. The University of the West Indies; JamaicaFil: Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health; PanamáFil: Danaei, Goodarz. Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Estados UnidosFil: Stevens, Gretchen A.. World Health Organization; SuizaFil: Riley, Leanne M.. World Health Organization; SuizaFil: Ezzati, Majid. (Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Di Cesare, Mariachiara. Middlesex University; Reino Unid

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified