Generation, Spectroscopic, and Chemical Characterization of an Octahedral Iron(V)-Nitrido Species with a Neutral Ligand Platform

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Spektroskopische Charakterisierung eines reaktiven [Cu2(μ‐OH)2]2+ Intermediates in Cu/TEMPO‐katalysierten aeroben Alkoholoxidationen

CuI/TEMPO-Katalysatorsysteme (TEMPO=2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinoxyl) sind vielseitige Katalysatoren für aerobe Alkoholoxidationsreaktionen zur selektiven Synthese von Aldehyden. Jedoch sind mehrere Aspekte des Reaktionsmechanismus noch nicht aufgeklärt, was hauptsächlich daran liegt, dass bisher keine reaktiven Intermediate identifiziert werden konnten. Wir zeigen hier die Synthese und Charakterisierung eines dinuklearen Komplexes [L12Cu2]2+ (1), der in Gegenwart von TEMPO die katalytische 4 H+/4 e− Reduktion von O2 zu Wasser an die Oxidation von benzylischen und aliphatischen Alkoholen koppeln kann. Die Mechanismen der katalytischen O2-Reduktion und der Alkoholoxidation wurden sowohl durch spektroskopische Detektion der reaktiven Intermediate in der Gas- und der kondensierten Phase als auch durch kinetische Studien an jedem Reaktionsschritt in den Katalysezyklen aufgeklärt. Die intermediären Bis(μ-oxido)dikupfer(III)- (2) und Bis(μ-hydroxido)dikupfer(II)-Spezies (3) wurden als wichtige Reaktanden in beiden Reaktionen identifiziert. Die vorliegende Studie ermöglicht tiefgehende mechanistische Einblicke in die aerobe Alkoholoxidation, die eine wertvolle Grundlage bieten um übergangsmetallkatalysierte Reaktionen mit redoxaktiven Cokatalysatoren besser zu verstehen.Peer Reviewe

Spektroskopische Charakterisierung eines reaktiven [Cu2(μ‐OH)2]2+ Intermediates in Cu/TEMPO‐katalysierten aeroben Alkoholoxidationen

CuI/TEMPO-Katalysatorsysteme (TEMPO=2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinoxyl) sind vielseitige Katalysatoren für aerobe Alkoholoxidationsreaktionen zur selektiven Synthese von Aldehyden. Jedoch sind mehrere Aspekte des Reaktionsmechanismus noch nicht aufgeklärt, was hauptsächlich daran liegt, dass bisher keine reaktiven Intermediate identifiziert werden konnten. Wir zeigen hier die Synthese und Charakterisierung eines dinuklearen Komplexes [L12Cu2]2+ (1), der in Gegenwart von TEMPO die katalytische 4 H+/4 e− Reduktion von O2 zu Wasser an die Oxidation von benzylischen und aliphatischen Alkoholen koppeln kann. Die Mechanismen der katalytischen O2-Reduktion und der Alkoholoxidation wurden sowohl durch spektroskopische Detektion der reaktiven Intermediate in der Gas- und der kondensierten Phase als auch durch kinetische Studien an jedem Reaktionsschritt in den Katalysezyklen aufgeklärt. Die intermediären Bis(μ-oxido)dikupfer(III)- (2) und Bis(μ-hydroxido)dikupfer(II)-Spezies (3) wurden als wichtige Reaktanden in beiden Reaktionen identifiziert. Die vorliegende Studie ermöglicht tiefgehende mechanistische Einblicke in die aerobe Alkoholoxidation, die eine wertvolle Grundlage bieten um übergangsmetallkatalysierte Reaktionen mit redoxaktiven Cokatalysatoren besser zu verstehen.DFG, 390540038, EXC 2008: Unifying Systems in Catalysis "UniSysCat"EC/H2020/682275/EU/Mass Spectrometry of Isomeric Ions/IsoM

Coulomb drag propulsion experiments of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1

This paper presents two technology experiments – the plasma brake for deorbiting and the electric solar wind sail for interplanetary propulsion – on board the ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1 satellites. Since both technologies employ the Coulomb interaction between a charged tether and a plasma flow, they are commonly referred to as Coulomb drag propulsion. The plasma brake operates in the ionosphere, where a negatively charged tether deorbits a satellite. The electric sail operates in the solar wind, where a positively charged tether propels a spacecraft, while an electron emitter removes trapped electrons. Both satellites will be launched in low Earth orbit carrying nearly identical Coulomb drag propulsion experiments, with the main difference being that ESTCube-2 has an electron emitter and it can operate in the positive mode. While solar-wind sailing is not possible in low Earth orbit, ESTCube-2 will space-qualify the components necessary for future electric sail experiments in its authentic environment. The plasma brake can be used on a range of satellite mass classes and orbits. On nanosatellites, the plasma brake is an enabler of deorbiting – a 300-m-long tether fits within half a cubesat unit, and, when charged with -1 kV, can deorbit a 4.5-kg satellite from between a 700- and 500-km altitude in approximately 9–13 months. This paper provides the design and detailed analysis of low-Earth-orbit experiments, as well as the overall mission design of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1.Peer reviewe

Coulomb drag propulsion experiments of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1

This paper presents two technology experiments – the plasma brake for deorbiting and the electric solar wind sail for interplanetary propulsion – on board the ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1 satellites. Since both technologies employ the Coulomb interaction between a charged tether and a plasma flow, they are commonly referred to as Coulomb drag propulsion. The plasma brake operates in the ionosphere, where a negatively charged tether deorbits a satellite. The electric sail operates in the solar wind, where a positively charged tether propels a spacecraft, while an electron emitter removes trapped electrons. Both satellites will be launched in low Earth orbit carrying nearly identical Coulomb drag propulsion experiments, with the main difference being that ESTCube-2 has an electron emitter and it can operate in the positive mode. While solar-wind sailing is not possible in low Earth orbit, ESTCube-2 will space-qualify the components necessary for future electric sail experiments in its authentic environment. The plasma brake can be used on a range of satellite mass classes and orbits. On nanosatellites, the plasma brake is an enabler of deorbiting – a 300-m-long tether fits within half a cubesat unit, and, when charged with - 1 kV, can deorbit a 4.5-kg satellite from between a 700- and 500-km altitude in approximately 9–13 months. This paper provides the design and detailed analysis of low-Earth-orbit experiments, as well as the overall mission design of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1.</p

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis