11 research outputs found
A Retro-Diels Alder route to Tetramethyldisilene Me2Si=SiMe2 revisited: Flow Pyrolysis of 1,1,2,2-Tetramethyl-1,2-disilacyclohex-4-ene
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Chromosome Xq23 is associated with lower atherogenic lipid concentrations and favorable cardiometabolic indices
- Author
- Aaltonen L. (Lauri)
- Aaltonen V. (Vesa)
- Abe N. (Namiko)
- Abecasis G. (Goncalo)
- Albert C. (Christine)
- Almasy L. (Laura)
- Alonso A. (Alvaro)
- Ament S. (Seth)
- Anderson P. (Peter)
- Antonacci-Fulton L. (Lucinda)
- Applebaum-Bowden D. (Deborah)
- Aragam K. (Krishna)
- Arden M. (Moscati)
- Arking D. (Dan)
- Arnett D. K. (Donna K.)
- Arvas M. (Mikko)
- Ashley-Koch A. (Allison)
- Aslibekyan S. (Stella)
- Assimes T. L. (Themistocles L.)
- Auer P. (Paul)
- Auge F. (Franck)
- Auranen A. (Annika)
- Auro K. (Kirsi)
- Auvinen P. (Pivi)
- Avramopoulos D. (Dimitrios)
- Awaisa G. (Ghazal)
- Ballantyne C. M. (Christie M.)
- Barnard J. (John)
- Barnes K. (Kathleen)
- Barr R. G. (R. Graham)
- Barron-Casella E. (Emily)
- Beaty T. (Terri)
- Becker D. (Diane)
- Becker J. P. (Julia Powers)
- Becker L. C. (Lewis C.)
- Beer R. (Rebecca)
- Begum F. (Ferdouse)
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- Bezerra M. (Marcos)
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- Bielak L. F. (Lawrence F.)
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- Blomster T. (Timo)
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- Bowden D. W. (Donald W.)
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- Bowler R. (Russell)
- Brein G. (Georg)
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- Wu Y. (Ying)
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- Xu H. (Huichun)
- Yanek L. R. (Lisa R.)
- Yang I. (Ivana)
- Yang R. (Robert)
- Yang R. (Rongze)
- Zaghlou N. (Norann)
- Zekavat M. (Maryam)
- Zhang Y. (Yingze)
- Zhao S. X. (Snow Xueyan)
- Zhao W. (Wei)
- Zhou W. (Wei)
- Zhou X. (Xiang)
- Zhu X. (Xiaofeng)
- Ziemann A. (Adam)
- Zni D. (Degui)
- Zody M. (Michael)
- Zoellner S. (Sebastian)
- Publication venue
- Springer Nature
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
Abstract
Autosomal genetic analyses of blood lipids have yielded key insights for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, X chromosome genetic variation is understudied for blood lipids in large sample sizes. We now analyze genetic and blood lipid data in a high-coverage whole X chromosome sequencing study of 65,322 multi-ancestry participants and perform replication among 456,893 European participants. Common alleles on chromosome Xq23 are strongly associated with reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (min P = 8.5 × 10−72), with similar effects for males and females. Chromosome Xq23 lipid-lowering alleles are associated with reduced odds for CHD among 42,545 cases and 591,247 controls (P = 1.7 × 10−4), and reduced odds for diabetes mellitus type 2 among 54,095 cases and 573,885 controls (P = 1.4 × 10−5). Although we observe an association with increased BMI, waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI is reduced, bioimpedance analyses indicate increased gluteofemoral fat, and abdominal MRI analyses indicate reduced visceral adiposity. Co-localization analyses strongly correlate increased CHRDL1 gene expression, particularly in adipose tissue, with reduced concentrations of blood lipids
Nutzenbewertung von Trainingsinterventionen für die Sturzprophylaxe bei älteren Menschen - eine systematische Übersicht auf der Grundlage systematischer Übersichten
- Author
- Agnew Samuel G.
- Ahn Henry
- Ahn Jaimo
- Albers G. H. Robert
- Alexander David
- Alosky Rachel
- Amirault David
- Amundsen Asgeir
- Anand Sanjeev
- Anderson Christopher G.
- Anderson Linda K.
- Anderson Sarah A.
- Apostle kelly
- Archdeacon Michael
- Arora Vinod
- Aurang Kamran
- Avram Victoria
- Axelrod Terry
- Baele Joseph
- Baker Janell K.
- Bardana Davide
- Bedi Harvinder
- Bhandari Mohit
- Bhatia Mahesh
- Bicknell Ryan
- Biddulph Michael
- Bielby Shea A.
- Blokhuis Taco J.
- Blokhuis Taco J.
- Borch Tor
- Borsella Vivian
- Bosma Jan
- Bosman Coks H. R.
- Bowler Carol
- Boxma Han
- Boyer Dory
- Brattgjerd Jan Egil
- Brekke Anne Christine
- Brennan Michael L.
- Brien Heather
- Broderick J. Scott
- Brom Hans L. F.
- Bronkhorst Maarten W. G. A.
- Browner Kieran
- Bruijninckx Milko M. M.
- Buckley Richard E.
- Bucknill Andrew
- Buijk Steven E.
- Butler Mark S.
- Bøe Berthe
- Caminiti Stephanie
- Campo Martin
- Cannada Lisa K.
- Cantu Robert V.
- Carcary Kimberly
- Carlisle Hope
- Carr Ashley
- Cass Joseph R.
- Charlton Michael
- Cherian Joe Joseph
- Chia Andrew
- Chuter Graham
- Clark Callum
- Clarke-Jenssen John
- Cleffken Berry I.
- Clipper Lydia
- Coady Cathy
- Cole Peter A.
- Coles Chad
- Crist Brett D.
- Cross William W., III
- Csongvay Steve
- Cuento Claudine
- Curry Hamish
- Dadi Akhil
- Davis Craig A.
- Dawson Imro
- de Brauw Maurits
- de Graaf Eelco J. R.
- de Meulemeester Frank R. A. J.
- de Mol van Otterloo Alexander
- de Nies Frank
- de Rijcke Piet A. R.
- de Rooij Peter D.
- de Vries Alexander C.
- de Vries Jean Paul P. M.
- de Vries Mark R.
- de Waal Malefijt Maarten C.
- Della Rocca Gregory J.
- Den Hartog Dennis
- DePaolo Charles J.
- Dobb Christine
- Dobbin Gwen
- Dohm Michael P.
- Doig Stephen
- Dolenc Andrea
- Donald Geoff
- Donohue Craig
- Doornebosch Pascal G.
- Dowrick Adam
- Duffy Paul
- Dulaney-Cripe Liz
- Dumais Jules
- Dunbar Michael
- Edison Matt
- Edwards Elton
- Edwards Michael J. R.
- Eickhoff Linda S.
- Eke Kate
- Ekås Guri
- Endres Terrence J.
- Ertl Janos P.
- Erwin Katie
- Esser Max
- Esterhai John
- Etherington Greg
- Evans Andrew
- Evans Simone
- Eversdijk Martin G.
- FAITH Trial Investigators
- Fan Mary
- Farrell Dana J.
- Farrugia Richard J.
- Festen Sebastian
- Ficke James
- Finn Erin
- Finnan Ryan
- Fioole Bram
- Flatøy Bernhard
- Flynn Annette
- Foley Amy L.
- Frihagen Frede
- Frizzell Valda
- Frölke Jan Paul M.
- Ganguly Utsav
- Gardeniers Jean W. M.
- Garfi John S.
- Gayton Chris
- Geeraedts Leo M. G.
- Gervais Trevor
- Gibula Douglas
- Gissel Hannah
- Glazebrook Mark
- Go Peter M. N. Y. M.
- Goetz David R.
- Gofton Wade T.
- Gong Andrew
- Gorczyca John T.
- Goslings J. Carel
- Govaert Lonneke
- Groenendijk Richard P. R.
- Gross Jonathan M.
- Gross Michael
- Gruen Gary
- Guicherit Onno R.
- Gupta Ajay
- Hak David
- Hall Jeremy A.
- Halliday Brett
- Hammacher Eric R.
- Hammerberg E. Mark
- Hampton lynne
- Harrison Mark
- Hasselund Sondre
- Haverlag Robert
- Haverlag Robert
- Heetveld Martin J.
- Heetveld Martin J.
- Hemlock Kim
- Henderson Corey
- Henderson Eric R.
- Herriott Chris
- Hess Shelley
- Hewitt Michael
- Hidy Jennifer T.
- Hileman Barbara
- Hill Leslie
- Hjorthaug Geir
- Hoffman Jodi M.
- Hoffman W. H.
- Holt Michael
- Hoogendoorn Jochem
- Horan Annamarie D.
- Horner Gillian
- Horwitz Daniel
- Hoseth Tor Magne
- Howells Fiona
- Hsu Joseph R.
- Huff Roger B.
- Hull Peter
- Humphrey Catharine A.
- Hurley Meghan
- Ianssen Torben
- Iorio Richard
- Irrgang James
- Jain Arvind
- Jain Neeraj
- Jenkins Mark
- Jenkinson Richard
- Jennings Andrew
- Jeray Kyle J.
- Johnson Garth
- Johnston David
- Johnston Kelly
- Jomaas Geir
- Jones Clifford B.
- Jones Vicki
- Jorgen Haug Knut
- Josaputra Hong A.
- Joseph O. Neil
- Kain Michael S. H.
- Kaminski Christine A.
- Karges David
- Karlsten Anders
- Karsten Tom M.
- Kates Stephen
- Keeve Jonathan P.
- Keller Paul
- Khan Farah
- Khan Ryan M.
- Khanna Angshuman
- Kibsgård Thomas
- Kile Evelyn
- Kingwell Stephen P.
- Knobe Matthias
- Koppert Cees L.
- Korley Robert
- Kowalski Brynn N.
- Kreder Hans
- Kregor Philip
- Kuiken Hans
- Kunz Monica
- Lafferty Paul M.
- Lambert Sue
- Laughlin Richard
- Lawendy Abdel
- LawsonDeanna
- Le Toan
- Leighton Ross
- Lemke H. Michael
- Lewis Courtland G.
- Lewis Sophie
- Li Doug
- Li Mengnai
- Lieberman Shane
- Liem Ronald
- Liew Allen
- Liew Susan
- Lindenbaum Stephen
- Linehan Colleen
- Lobo Margaret J.
- Logishetty Rajanikanth
- Lona Tarjei
- Love David
- Luke P. H.
- Luther Arlene
- Ly Thuan V.
- Lyle Lindsey
- MacDonald Shelley
- Marcantonio Andrew J.
- Marston Scott B.
- Mauffrey Cyril
- May Jedediah
- McBeth Jessica
- McCormack Robert
- McDonald Michael D.
- McGinnis Kelly
- McIntyre Allison W.
- McKee Michael D.
- Mehta Samir
- Meijer Joost
- Meylaerts Sven A. G.
- Miller Russel
- Mills Kelli
- Milner Katrine
- Mishra Vimlesh
- Mitchell Khalis
- Moatshe Gilbert
- Moaveni Ash
- Molund Marius
- Monica James T.
- Moola Farhad
- Moon Karyn
- Moon Raely
- Moore Molly M.
- Mullis Brian
- Murdoch Zoe
- Murnaghan John
- Murtha Yvonne M.
- Müller Oliver
- Nam Diane
- Nanda Rajesh
- Nanney tracy
- Napierala Matthew
- Nastoff Lauren A.
- Naumetz V.
- Nauth Aaron
- Newman Heike
- Nicolaisen Tor
- Nilsen Frederik
- Noble Krista
- Nousiainen Markku
- Oatt Amber
- Obremskey William
- Olakkengil Davy J.
- Oliver Todd M.
- Oprel Pim
- Out Nico J. M.
- Oxner William
- Pace Thomas B.
- Palla Naveen
- Pape Hans-Christoph
- Papp Steve
- Parr J. Andrew
- Patka Peter
- Patka Peter
- Payton Krystal
- Pecorella Kalli
- Perey Bertrand
- Peters Rolf
- Peterson Brett
- Pfeifer Roman
- Pilling Lindsey
- Pincus Paul
- Pirpiris Marinis
- Poelhekke Lodwejik M. S. J.
- Ponsen Kees Jan
- Poolman Rudolf W.
- Porter Scott E.
- Pourmand Deeba
- Powell James
- Prasad Amal Shankar
- Prayson Michael J.
- Probe Robert
- Puloski Shannon
- Rai Anil Subash
- Rai B. Sachidananda
- Rai Kamal
- Rai Kamal
- Rajakumar Janakiraman
- Reardon Gerald
- Reed Mike
- Reeves Christina
- Rhemrev Steven J.
- Richards Justin E.
- Richardson Glen
- Rieser Geoffrey Ryan
- Rijbroek Bram
- Rijna Herman
- Ringler James R.
- Ritchie Ewan D.
- Robbins Kristin
- Robinson Chalitha
- Roffey Darren M.
- Romero Amanda W.
- Roper Elizabeth
- Rose Glynis
- Roukema Gert R.
- Rubino L. Joseph
- Russ Mathhias
- Rutherford Tori
- Rydinge Jonas
- Sage Claire
- Sagebien Carlos A.
- Sanders David
- Sanghavi Amir
- Schaller Thomas M.
- Scheepers Joris J. G.
- Schemitsch Emil H.
- Schep Niels W. L.
- Schmidt Andrew H.
- Schmidt G. Ben
- Schreurs Bart
- Schrickel Tyson
- Schwappach John
- Scrabeck Tyson
- Segers Michiel J. M.
- Sems Stephen A.
- Seuffert Patricia
- Shaer James
- Sharma Ateet
- Sharma Gaurav
- Shell Leslie E.
- Shepard Stephanie
- Shively Karl
- Sietsema Debra L.
- Silva Heather
- Silvis Rob
- Simmermacher Rogier K. J.
- Simons Maarten P.
- Simunovic Nicole
- Singh Sanjay
- Siroen Michiel P. C.
- Siska Peter
- Smedsrud Morten
- Smits Anke B.
- Snellen Jaap P.
- Snider Rebecca G.
- Specht Lawrence M.
- Stahel Philip
- Stassen Laurent P. S.
- Stephen David
- Stockmann Heyn
- Stone Trevor
- Stringfellow Kenya
- Strohecker Kent
- Stull Philip
- Stødle Are
- Sullivan Raymond J.
- Sundaresh D. C.
- Swenson Teresa K.
- Switzer Julie A.
- Tan Edward T. C. H.
- Tanner Stephanie L.
- Tannoury Chadi
- Tarkin Ivan
- Tetsworth Kevin
- Tetteroo Geert W. M.
- Theunissen Evert B. M.
- Thomas Emily
- Tieszer Christina
- Tilzey John F.
- Tobias Erin
- Ton Lu
- Torchia Michael E.
- Tornetta Paul, III
- Trask Kelly
- Trenholm Andrew
- Trivedi Mittal
- Trommer Axel
- Turckan Kahn
- Tyagi Vivek
- Tynan Martin C.
- Ugland Stein
- Vallier Heather A.
- van 't Riet Martijne
- van der Brand Igor
- van der Elst Maarten
- van der Hart Cor P.
- van der Heijden Frank H. W. M.
- van der Heijden Frank H. W. M.
- van der Hoeven Henk
- van der Pol Carmen C.
- van der Vis Harm M.
- van Egmond Teun
- van Gaalen Steven M.
- van Kampen Albert
- Van Lieshout Esther M. M.
- van Mulken Jeroen
- van Vugt Arie B.
- Van Waes Oscar J. F.
- van Wessem Karlijn
- Vang Sandy
- Verhagen Ronald
- Verhoeven Bart
- Verhofstad Michiel H. J.
- Vermeulen Erik G. J.
- Vesterhus Elise Berg
- Vicente Milena R.
- Viskontas Darius
- Visser Gijs A.
- Vuylsteke Ronald
- Wadey Veronica
- Wai Eugene K.
- Walker Jane E.
- Wang Otis
- Ward Angela
- Weber Timothy
- Weening Brad
- Weinerman Stewart
- Weingarten Peter
- Weinrauch Patrick
- Wessel Ronald N.
- Westberg Jerald R.
- Whatley Erica
- Whelan Daniel B.
- Wild Lisa M.
- Wille Jan
- Willems W. Jaap
- Wittich Philippe
- Wong Ivan
- Wood Gavin
- Worman Ripley
- Wright David M.
- Wyrick John
- Yach Jeff
- Yadav Vineet
- Yang Steven
- Yee Albert
- Yen David
- Yu Michelle
- Zalzal Paul
- Zamorano David P.
- Zellar Abby
- Zielinski Stephanie M.
- Zijl Jacco A. C.
- Zohman Gary
- Zomar Mauri
- Zurcher Arthur W.
- Publication venue
- German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; Düsseldorf
- Publication date
- 05/03/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A. K. W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
- Kim Dong Hou
- Kim Eun Kyoung
- Kim Hyung Ryong
- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K
- Kim Peter K
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C
- King Jason S
- Kinsella Timothy J
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T
- Klionsky Daniel J
- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
- Ko Ben C. B
- Koch Jan C
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
- Lazo Pedro A
- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
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- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
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- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
- Li Yi Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah Leong
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- Lin Chiou Feng
- Lin Fu Cheng
- Lin Jian
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- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan Wan
- Lin Weei Chin
- Lin Yi Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott Schwartz Jennifer
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- Liu Bo
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- Liu Wei
- Liu Young Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A
- Lok Chun Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
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- M\ufcnger Karl
- M\ufcnz Christian
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
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- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
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- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
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- Manon St\ue9phen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
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- Marcel Yves L
- Marchbank Katie
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- Menon Manoj B
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- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
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- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K
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- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
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- Mohseni Simin
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- Mollinedo Faustino
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- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E. H
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O
- Murphy Maureen E
- Musar\uf2 Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- N\ufcrnberger Thorsten
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
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- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
- Narendra Derek P
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- Osborne Timothy F
- Ostrander Gary K
- Otsu Kinya
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- Ouimet Mireille
- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- P\uf6ggeler Stefanie
- Paganetti Paolo
- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
- Papackova Zuzana
- Papassideri Issidora
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- Park Junsoo
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- Perrotta Ida
- Perry George
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- Peter Matthias
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- Petrovski Goran
- Phang James M
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
- Pierrefite Carle Val\ue9rie
- Pierron G\ue9rard
- Pinkas Kramarski Ronit
- Piras Antonio
- Piri Natik
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- Po\ufcs Christian
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
- Pozuelo Rubio Mercedes
- Pr\ue6torius Ibba Mette
- Prasad Anil
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- Priault Muriel
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- Puyal Julien
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- Qin Liang
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- Quaggin Susan E
- R\ue9gnier Vigouroux Anne
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- Russo Rossella
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- Ryter Stefan W
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- S\ue1nchez Prieto Ricardo
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- Saha Tapas
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- Sakagami Hiroshi
- Sakai Yasuyoshi
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- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Mikl\uf3s
- Sato Ken
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- Sch\ue4tzl Hermann M
- Sch\ufcller Christoph
- Schapira Anthony H. V
- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
- Schiaffino Stefano
- Schneider Stock Regine
- SCHNEIDER Claudio
- Schneider Marion E
- Schoenlein Patricia V
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- Stendel Ruediger
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- Sternberg Cinthya
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- Str\ue5lfors Peter
- Subauste Carlos S
- Sui Xinbing
- Sulzer David
- Sun Jiaren
- Sun Shi Yong
- Sun Zhi Jun
- Sung Joseph J. Y
- Suzuki Kuninori
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- Swanson Michele S
- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T
- Sy Lai King
- Szabadkai Gyorgy
- T\uf6nges Lars
- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai Krisztina
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
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- Tanaka Keiji
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- Viola Giampietro
- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V
- von Haefen Clarissa
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- Wang Hong Gang
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- Wang Jin
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- Wang Mei
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- Wyttenbach Andreas
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- Xu Liang
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- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
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- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H.
- Fox Howard S.
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B.
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F.
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
- Ginsberg Henry N.
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S.
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D.
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D.
- Green Kim N.
- Gregorc Ales
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W.
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M.
- Gukovskaya Anna S.
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
- Hale Amber N.
- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K.
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D.
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A.
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A.
- Helfrich Miep H.
- Helgason Gudmundur V.
- Henske Elizabeth P.
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K.
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L.
- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- Jaakkola Panu M.
- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X.
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan V.
- Joe Cheol O.
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
- Kampinga Harm H.
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G.
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P.
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po-Yuan
- Kehrl John H.
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H.
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A.K.W.
- Kiger Amy A.
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do-Hyung
- Kim Dong-Hou
- Kim Eun-Kyoung
- Kim Hyung-Ryong
- Kim Jae-Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K.
- Kim Peter K.
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong-Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C.
- King Jason S.
- Kinsella Timothy J.
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A.
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T.
- Klionsky Daniel J
- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
- Ko Ben C.B.
- Koch Jan C.
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae-Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei-Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I.
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I.
- Kovács Attila L
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz-Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M.
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Krämer Helmut
- Krüger Rejko
- Ktistakis Nicholas T.
- Kuan Chia-Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing-Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- Kågedal Katarina
- La Spada Albert R.
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D.
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F.
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Josée N.
- Layfield Robert
- Lazo Pedro A.
- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
- Ledbetter Daniel J.
- Lee Alvin J.X.
- Lee Byung-Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- lee Ju-hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung-Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan-Yao
- Lei Qun-Ying
- Leib David A.
- Leiro José
- Lemasters John J.
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S.
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V.
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun-Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue-Jun
- Li Yan-Bo
- Li Yi-Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung-Feng
- Liberski Pawel P.
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J.
- Lim Kah-Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou-Feng
- Lin Fu-Cheng
- Lin Jian
- Lin Jiandie D.
- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan-Wan
- Lin Weei-Chin
- Lin Yi-Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P.
- Liton Paloma B.
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun-Feng
- Liu Kaiyu
- Liu Leyuan
- Liu Qiong A.
- Liu Wei
- Liu Young-Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A.
- Lok Chun-Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez-Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T.
- Low Peter
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fréderic
- Lukacs Nicholas W.
- Lund Anders H.
- Lynch-Day Melinda A.
- László Lajos
- López-Otín Carlos
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
- MacKeigan Jeff P.
- Macleod Kay F.
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V.
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva-Maria
- Manon Stephen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
- Mao Zixu
- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L.
- Marchbank Katie
- Marchetti Piero
- Marciniak Stefan J.
- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
- Marfe Gabriella
- Mariño Guillermo
- Markaki Maria
- Marten Mark R.
- Martin Seamus J.
- Martinand-Mari Camille
- Martinet Wim
- Martinez-Vicente Marta
- Masini Matilde
- Matarrese Paola
- Matsuo Saburo
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- Mayer Andreas
- Mazure Nathalie M.
- McConkey David J.
- McConnell Melanie J.
- McDermott Catherine
- McDonald Christine
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- McLean Pamela J.
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- Merighi Adalberto
- Merry Diane E.
- Meschini Stefania
- Meyer Christian G.
- Meyer Thomas F.
- Miao Chao-Yu
- Miao Jun-Ying
- Michels Paul A.M.
- Michiels Carine
- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
- Miranti Cindy K.
- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
- Mollereau Bertrand
- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
- Monick Martha M.
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- Mora Rodrigo
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- Moreira Paula I.
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
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- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E.-H.
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O.
- Murphy Maureen E.
- Musarò Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- Müller Sylke
- Münger Karl
- Münz Christian
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
- Nakatogawa Hitoshi
- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
- Narendra Derek P.
- Narita Masashi
- Navarro Miguel
- Nawrocki Steffan T.
- Nazarko Taras Y.
- Nemchenko Andriy
- Netea Mihai G.
- Neufeld Thomas P.
- Ney Paul A.
- Nezis Ioannis P.
- Nguyen Huu Phuc
- Nie Daotai
- Nishino Ichizo
- Nislow Corey
- Nixon Ralph A.
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- Noegel Angelika A.
- Nogalska Anna
- Noguchi Satoru
- Notterpek Lucia
- Novak Ivana
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- Nyfeler Beat
- Nürnberger Thorsten
- Obara Keisuke
- Oberley Terry D.
- Oddo Salvatore
- Ogawa Michinaga
- Ohashi Toya
- Okamoto Koji
- Oleinick Nancy L.
- Oliver F. Javier
- Olsen Laura J.
- Olsson Stefan
- Opota Onya
- Osborne Timothy F.
- Ostrander Gary K.
- Otsu Kinya
- Ou Jing-hsiung James
- Ouimet Mireille
- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- Paganetti Paolo
- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E.
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
- Papackova Zuzana
- Papassideri Issidora
- Paris Irmgard
- Park Junsoo
- Park Ohkmae K.
- Parys Jan B.
- Parzych Katherine R.
- Patschan Susann
- Patterson Cam
- Pattingre Sophie
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- Perrotta Ida
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- Pierrefite-Carle Valérie
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- Pozuelo-Rubio Mercedes
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- Priault Muriel
- Produit-Zengaffinen Nathalie
- Progulske-Fox Ann
- Proikas-Cezanne Tassula
- Przedborski Serge
- Przyklenk Karin
- Prætorius-Ibba Mette
- Puertollano Rosa
- Puyal Julien
- Pöggeler Stefanie
- Qian Shu-Bing
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- Raben Nina
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- Reichert Andreas S.
- Reiners Jr., John J.
- Reiter Russel J.
- Ren Jun
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- Rhodes Christopher J.
- Ritis Konstantinos
- Rizzo Elizete
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- Roberge Michel
- Roca Hernan
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- Rocchi Stephane
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- Rohrer Bärbel
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- Salvesen Guy
- Salvioli Rosa
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- Sandri Marco
- Sankar Uma
- Sansanwal Poonam
- Santambrogio Laura
- Saran Shweta
- Sarkar Sovan
- Sarwal Minnie
- Sasakawa Chihiro
- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Miklós
- Sato Ken
- Sato Miyuki
- Schapira Anthony H.V.
- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
- Schiaffino Stefano
- Schneider Claudio
- Schneider Marion E.
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- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
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- Zhu Yuangang
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdelhaq Rami
- Abhinav Diwan
- Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Adalberto Merighi
- Adi Kimchi
- Adrian L. Harris
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Ahlberg J
- Ai Yamamoto
- Aimable Nahimana
- Aimee L. Edinger
- Aimin Wang
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Akio Kihara
- Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Aksam EB
- Alan Cheng
- Albert R. La Spada
- Alberto Jiménez
- Alec C. Kimmelman
- Ales Gregorc
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Alexander J. Whitworth
- Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
- Alexandru Almasan
- Alexei Degterev
- Alexei Terman
- Alfred J. Meijer
- Alicia Meléndez
- Alison Simmons
- Allan B. Caplan
- Allan Tsung
- Allen Kaasik
- Alvin J.X. Lee
- Amal O. Amer
- Amber N. Hale
- Ameeta Kelekar
- Amy A. Kiger
- Ana Brennand
- Ana Coto-Montes
- Ana Maria Cuervo
- Ana Milojkovic
- Anas Younes
- Anastasis Stephanou
- Anders H. Lund
- Andrea Ballabio
- Andreas Brech
- Andreas Mayer
- Andreas S. Reichert
- Andreas Wyttenbach
- Andrei L. Gartel
- Andrew J. Halayko
- Andrew Lieberman
- Andrew Thorburn
- Andriy A. Sibirny
- Andriy Nemchenko
- Angelika A. Noegel
- Angelo De Milito
- Angelo Poletti
- Anil K. Sood
- Anil Prasad
- Ann Progulske-Fox
- Anna Katharina Simon
- Anna M. Giammarioli
- Anna M. Krichevsky
- Anna Nogalska
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Anne Régnier-Vigouroux
- Anne Simonsen
- Annie M. Joubert
- Anthony H.V. Schapira
- Anthony M.J. Sanchez
- Antoinette Lemoine
- Antonio Musarò
- Antonio Piras
- Antonio Zorzano
- Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Arthi Kanthasamy
- Ashok Kumar
- Assaf Rudich
- Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Atsuo Amano
- Attila L. Kovács
- Audrey Esclatine
- Augustine M.K. Choi
- Ausra Sasnauskiene
- Aviva M. Tolkovsky
- Baharia Mograbi
- Bakhos A. Tannous
- Barry Ganetzky
- Bassam Janji
- Beat C. Bornhauser
- Beat Nyfeler
- Beata Sikorska
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Ben A. Bahr
- Ben C.B. Ko
- Benjamin Dehay
- Benjamin Loos
- Berger B
- Bertrand Joseph
- Bertrand Mollereau
- Beth Levine
- BethAnn McLaughlin
- Biederbick A
- Binfeng Lu
- Bingren Hu
- Bingwei Lu
- Biolo G
- Birmingham CL
- Birmingham CL
- Björn Stork
- Bjørkøy G
- Bo Liu
- Bo Lu
- Boon-Huat Bay
- Boris Turk
- Boris Zhivotovsky
- Bradly G. Wouters
- Brian Herman
- Brian P. Rubin
- Brian Zuckerbraun
- Brigitte Galliot
- Brinda Ravikumar
- Brown CR
- Bruce A. Bamber
- Bruce H. Reed
- Bruno Calabretta
- Bryan Bellaire
- Bulent Ozpolat
- Byung-Wan Lee
- Bärbel Rohrer
- Bélanger M
- Cam Patterson
- Camilla Palumbo
- Camille Martinand-Mari
- Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Canhua Huang
- Cantino D
- Carine Michiels
- Carl G. Feng
- Carlos López-Otín
- Carlos S. Subauste
- Carmine Settembre
- Carol A. Mercer
- Carole Kretz-Remy
- Caroline A. Whitehouse
- Catherine McDermott
- Cathleen R. Carlin
- Cathy Tournier
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- Chan EY
- Chang Hwa Jung
- Changlian Zhu
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- Charbel E.-H. Moussa
- Charleen T. Chu
- Charles Grose
- Charles L. Edelstein
- Charles Swanton
- Chee-Yin Chai
- Chenghan Wu
- Chenguang Wang
- Chengyu Liang
- Cheol O. Joe
- Cheol-Heui Yun
- Chera S
- Cheryl L. Walker
- Chi Hin Cho
- Chi-Ming Che
- Chia-Yi Kuan
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- Chien-an A. Hu
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- Ching-Chow Chen
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- Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Congcong He
- Conrad C. Weihl
- Corey Nislow
- Cornelis A.M. de Haan
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- Cristiano Simone
- Cristina González-Estévez
- Cuervo AM
- Cécile Vindis
- Céline Gongora
- Da-zhi Xu
- Dagda RK
- Dalibor Mijaljica
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- Daniel H. Fowler
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- Daniel J. Ledbetter
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- Daniela Marazziti
- Dao-Cheng Wu
- Daolin Tang
- Daotai Nie
- Dave Bridges
- David A. Gewirtz
- David A. Hood
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- David C. Rubinsztein
- David H. Kessel
- David H. Perlmutter
- David J. McConkey
- David K. Ann
- David L. Boone
- David M. Sabatini
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- David Zacks
- Davide Malagoli
- Dawei Wang
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- Denne SC
- Dennis E. Bulman
- Deok Ryong Kim
- Derek P. Narendra
- Derick G. Wansink
- Devrim Gozuacik
- Diane C. Bassham
- Diane C. Fingar
- Diane E. Merry
- Diane M. Ward
- Dieter Willbold
- Dimitri Krainc
- Dina Lev
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- Divaker Choubey
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Dong-Hou Kim
- Dong-Hyung Cho
- Dongsheng Cai
- Donna Denton
- DooSeok Choi
- Dubuisson JF
- Dun-Sheng Yang
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- Ebru Goncu
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- Edward T.W. Bampton
- Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
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- Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin
- Elaine Silva-Zacarin
- Eldad Zacksenhaus
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- Elizabeth Yang
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- Emery H. Bresnick
- Emil Rudolf
- Enza Maria Valente
- Eric Chevet
- Eric H. Baehrecke
- Eric J. Brown
- Eriko Fujita
- Erwin Knecht
- Eskelinen E-L
- Eui-Bae Jeung
- Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Eva C. Vaquero
- Eva-Maria Mandelkow
- Evelina Gatti
- Ewout J. Houwerzijl
- F. Javier Oliver
- Fabio C. Abdalla
- Fabrizio Condorelli
- Faith E. Davies
- Fan Wang
- Faqiang Li
- Farkas T
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Federica Sotgia
- Felix Randow
- Fen Wang
- Fen-Biao Gao
- Feng Han
- FengFeng Tian
- Fernando Macian
- Filomena Fiorito
- Fimia GM
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- Franco Fortunato
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- Frank Lafont
- Frank Madeo
- Fraser P. Coxon
- Fréderic Luciano
- Frédéric Bost
- Frédéric Gros
- Fu-Cheng Lin
- Fujii S
- Fukagawa NK
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Fumihiko Takeshita
- G. Angus McQuibban
- Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Gabriella Marfe
- Gail V.W. Johnson
- Galliot B
- Gang Min Hur
- Garber AJ
- Gary D. Grant
- Gary K. Ostrander
- Gary K. Schwartz
- Geert Bultynck
- Gengfu Xiao
- Genzou Takemura
- Georg Ramm
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- Giorgio Casari
- Giovanna Elvira Granato
- Giulia Baldini
- Giuseppe Arancia
- Giusti C
- Glauco Tocchini-Valentini
- Glen E. Palmer
- Glenn Randall
- Godefridus J. Peters
- Goncu E
- Goran Petrovski
- Gordon C. Shore
- Gordon PB
- Gordon PB
- Gosai SJ
- Graham H. Coombs
- Graham S. Taylor
- Greet Van den Berghe
- Gregory A. Taylor
- Guan J
- Guang-Chao Chen
- Guanghui Wang
- Gudmundur V. Helgason
- Guido Kroemer
- Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Guillermo Mariño
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- Guo-Qiang Chen
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- Hermann M. Schätzl
- Hernan Roca
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- Hilary A. Coller
- Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Hiroshi Aoki
- Hiroshi Koga
- Hiroshi Sakagami
- Hirotaka Watada
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- Hiroyuki Ishida
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- Hong Jiang
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- J. Lindsay Whitton
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- Jason E. Gestwicki
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- Jon D. Lane
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- Jongdae Lee
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- Ken Inoki
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- Wen-Xing Ding
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- Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Xiao-Ming Yin
- Xiaolei Xu
- Xiaoning Bi
- Xiaoxiang Zheng
- Xiequn Chen
- Xinbing Sui
- Xinglong Wang
- Xiongwei Zhu
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- Xu Dong Zhang
- Xue-Jun Li
- Xue-Yuan Bai
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- Yi-Fang Zhao
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Yi-Ping Li
- Ying Zhao
- Ying-Jan Wang
- Yingyu Chen
- Yipeng Wang
- Yohta Shimada
- Yokota S
- Yong Ma
- Yong-Joon Chwae
- Yong-Keun Jung
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- Yongqi Fang
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- Yoshiaki Kamada
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- Yoshinori Kawazoe
- Yoshitaka Isaka
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- Yotaro Izumi
- You-Wen He
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- Yu-Jen Chen
- Yuan Tian
- Yuangang Zhu
- Yuji Moriyasu
- Yuko Yoshikawa
- Yule Liu
- Yung-Feng Liao
- Yves L. Marcel
- Zahra Zakeri
- Zelda H. Cheung
- Zhang H
- Zhen Fan
- Zhen Lu
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Zheng Dong
- Zheng-Hong Qin
- Zhenyu Yue
- Zhi-Jun Sun
- Zhi-Min Yuan
- Zhifen Yang
- Zhigang Charles Wang
- Zhijun Xi
- Zhinong Wang
- Zhiping Xie
- Zhixiang Chen
- Zhizhuang J. Zhao
- Zhonglin Xie
- Zhou G
- Zhu H
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- Zu-Hang Sheng
- Zuzana Papackova
- Zvulun Elazar
- Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Øverbye A
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Genetic determinants of risk in pulmonary arterial hypertension: international genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis.
- Author
- Abrea Inna
- Adlard Julian
- Ahmad Ferhaan
- Ahmad Shazzra
- Ahmed Munaza
- Ahmed Sara
- Aitman Tim
- Alachkar Hana
- Allahua Melissa
- Allen Hana Lango
- Allsup David
- Almeida-King Jeff
- Almeida-Peters Sisama
- Aman Jurjan
- Amouyel Philippe
- Ancliff Philip
- Anderson Audrey
- Andrews Mary
- Antrobus Richard
- Archer Stephen L
- Argula Rahul
- Arkon Abby
- Armstrong Ruth
- Arno Gavin
- Arora Amit
- Ashford Sofie
- Astle William
- Aston Valerie
- Attwood Anthony
- Austin Eric D
- Ayesh Waleed
- Babbs Chris
- Badesch David
- Bakchoul Tamam
- Bakshi Sahil
- Bariana Tadbir
- Barnett Christopher
- Barve Mukta
- Barwell Julian
- Batai Ken
- Beckmann Joy
- Bennett David
- Bentley David
- Benza Raymond
- Bhatt Nitin
- Bierzynska Agnieszka
- Bindu John
- Birru Hellina
- Biss Tina
- Blake Randy
- Bleda Marta
- Boekwig Deedre
- Bogaard Harm
- Bogaard Harm J
- Bourne Christian
- Boyce Sara
- Bradley John
- Brady Daniela
- Breen Gerome
- Brennan Paul
- Brewer Carole
- Broach Debra
- Brod Naomi Clements
- Brody Linnea
- Brown Matthew
- Browning Michael
- Bruno Jackie
- Buchan Rachel
- Buckland Matthew
- Bueser Teofila
- Burger Charles D
- Burns Siobhan
- Burren Oliver
- Calleja Paul
- Carr-White Gerald
- Carss Keren
- Casanova Nancy
- Casey Ruth
- Caskey Elizabeth
- Caulfield Mark
- Cebola Ines
- Chakinala Murali
- Chambers Jennifer
- Chambers John
- Cheng Floria
- Chinnery Patrick F
- Christian Martin
- Church Colin
- Coghlan Gerry
- Coghlan John G
- Colby Elizabeth
- Cole Trevor
- Collins Janine
- Collins Peter
- Colombo Camilla
- Condliffe Robin
- Cook Stuart
- Cook Terry
- Cooper Nichola
- Cope Molly
- Cordell Shannon
- Correa Priscilla
- Corris Paul
- Corris Paul A
- Crisp-Hihn Abigail
- Curry Nicola
- Danesino Cesare
- Daniels Matthew
- Daugherty Louise
- Davis Anne
- Davis John
- Debette Stephanie
- Deevi Sri VV
- del Junco Holly
- DeMartino Jordyn
- Dent Timothy
- Desai Ankit A
- Devereux Jane
- Dewhurst Eleanor
- Dillon Laura
- Dixon Peter
- Do Robyn
- Dotson Anne
- Downes Kate
- Drake Jan
- Drazyk Anna
- Drewe Elizabeth
- Durst Louise
- Dutt Tina
- Edgar David
- Edwards Karen
- Egner William
- Elliott C Gregory
- Elwing Jean
- Erber Wendy
- Erwood Marie
- Estiu Maria C
- Evans Dafydd Gareth
- Evans Gillian
- Everington Tamara
- Eyries Melanie
- Eyries Mlanie
- Farber Hap
- Favier Remi
- Feliz Natalia
- Ferrer Jorge
- Fletcher Debra
- Fortin Terry
- Fox James
- Franke Andre
- Frantz Robert P
- Franzo Mya
- Frary Amy
- French Courtney
- Freson Kathleen
- Frontini Mattia
- Frost Adaani
- Gale Daniel
- Gall Henning
- Garcia Joe GN
- Geoghegan Claire
- Gerighty Terry
- Germain Marine
- Ghio Stefano
- Ghofrani Hossein-Ardeschir
- Gibbs J Simon R
- Gibbs Simon
- Gilmour Kimberley
- Girerd Barbara
- Goddard Sarah
- Gomez Keith
- Gordins Pavels
- Gosal David
- Graf Stefan
- Grassi Luigi
- Greene Daniel
- Greenhalgh Lynn
- Greinacher Andreas
- Gresele Paolo
- Griffiths Philip
- Grigoriadou Sofia
- Grocock Russell
- Grozeva Detelina
- Gruhlke Peggy
- Gygi Amber
- Hackett Scott
- Hadinnapola Charaka
- Hague William
- Haimel Matthias
- Hall Matthew
- Hannon Kelly
- Hanscombe Ken B
- Hanson Helen
- Harbaum Lars
- Harkness Kirsty
- Harley John
- Harper Andrew
- Harrington Brandy
- Harris Claire
- Hart Daniel
- Hassan Ahamad
- Hawke Lindsey
- Hawkes Nicholas
- Hayman Grant
- He Hua
- Henderson Alex
- Heuerman Sharon
- Hill Nicholas S
- Hirsch Russel
- Hoffmann Jonathan
- Holy Royanne
- Horvath Rita
- Houweling Arjan
- Houweling Arjan C
- Howard Luke
- Howard Luke S
- Hu Fengyuan
- Hudson Gavin
- Hughes Joseph
- Huissoon Aarnoud
- Humbert Marc
- Humphray Sean
- Hunter Sarah
- Hurles Matthew
- Iem Thoeun
- Igenoza Tosin
- Ingledue Rebecca
- Ivy Dunbar
- Izatt Louise
- Jackson Esperanza
- James Roger
- Johnson Sally
- Jolles Stephen
- Jolley Jennifer
- Jurkute Neringa
- Kaakinen Marika
- Karnekar Reema
- Karnes Jason H
- Kasanicki Mary
- Kazkaz Hanadi
- Kazmi Rashid
- Kelleher Peter
- Kennedy Karla
- Kiely David
- Kiely David G
- Kingston Nathalie
- Kittles Richard
- Klima Robert
- Klinger James
- Knight Jo
- Kostadima Myrto
- Kovacs Gabor
- Koziell Ania
- Kreuzhuber Roman
- Kuijpers Taco
- Kumar Ajith
- Kumararatne Dinakantha
- Kurian Manju
- Laffan Michael
- Lahm Tim
- Lalloo Fiona
- Lambert Michele
- Larimore Daniel
- Laudes Matthias
- Lawrie Allan
- Layton Mark
- Lee Jennifer
- Lemma Merte
- Lentaigne Claire
- Levine Adam
- Lewis Karlise
- Light Allison
- Linger Rachel
- Longhurst Hilary
- Louka Eleni
- Lovato Ellen
- Lutz Katie
- MacDonald Catherine
- Machado Rajiv D
- Madan Bella
- Maher Eamonn
- Maimaris Jesmeen
- Malur Anagha
- Mangles Sarah
- Mapeta Rutendo
- Marchbank Kevin
- Marks Jennifer
- Marks Stephen
- Markus Hugh S
- Marschall Hanns-Ulrich
- Marshall Andrew
- Marsolo Keith
- Martin Jennifer
- Martin Lisa J
- Mathias Mary
- Matthews Emma
- Maxwell Heather
- McAlinden Paul
- McCarthy Mark
- McClain Kimberly
- Mcgaha Traci
- Meacham Stuart
- Mead Adam
- Megy Karyn
- Mehta Sarju
- Mendibles Lillian
- Michaelides Michel
- Millar Carolyn
- Miller-Reed Kathleen
- Moledina Shahin
- Montani David
- Moore Tony
- Morrell Nicholas
- Morrell Nicholas W
- Mozere Monika
- Muir Keith
- Mumford Andrew
- Nathan Steven D
- Newnham Michael
- Nichols William C
- Noordegraaf Anton Vonk
- Norwood Tracy
- O'Sullivan Jennifer
- Obaji Samya
- Okoli Steven
- Olanipekun Lekan
- Olschewski Andrea
- Olschewski Horst
- Ong Kai Ren
- Ormiston Mark
- Ormondroyd Elizabeth
- Oudiz Ronald J
- Ouwehand Willem
- Ouwehand Willem H
- Paciotti Gina
- Palmer Julia
- Palmisciano Amy
- Papadia Sofia
- Park Soo-Mi
- Parry David
- Paterson Joan
- Pauciulo Michael W
- Peacock Andrew
- Peacock Andrew J
- Peden John
- Peerlinck Kathelijne
- Peichel Gretchen
- Penkett Christopher
- Pepke-Zaba Joanna
- Petersen Romina
- Pisarcik Jessica
- Prokopenko Inga
- Pyle Angela
- Rankin Stuart
- Rao Anupama
- Raymond F Lucy
- Rayner-Matthews Paula
- Rees Christine
- Rehman Zia
- Rendon Augusto
- Renton Tara
- Reponen Auvo
- Rhodes Christopher J
- Rice Andrew
- Richardson Sylvia
- Richter Alex
- Roads Tammy
- Robbins Ivan
- Roberts Irene
- Roden Dan M
- Rohwer Kristal
- Rosenzweig Erika B
- Ross Robert MacKenzie
- Ross Robert V MacKenzie
- Roughley Catherine
- Rowley Courtney
- Roy Noemi
- Sadeghi-Alavijeh Omid
- Saleem Moin
- Samani Nilesh
- Sanchis-Juan Alba
- Santiago Joseph
- Sargur Ravishankar
- Satchell Simon
- Savic Sinisa
- Saydain Ghulam
- Scelsi Laura
- Schiltz Kimberly
- Schilz Robert
- Schulman Sol
- Scovel Page
- Scully Marie
- Searle Claire
- Seeger Werner
- Sewell Carrock
- Seyres Denis
- Shaffer Christian M
- Shapiro Susie
- Sharmardina Olga
- Shtoyerman Rakefet
- Sibson Keith
- Side Lucy
- Simeoni Ilenia
- Simms Robert W
- Simon Marc
- Simpson Michael
- Singleton Donna
- Sitbon Olivier
- Sivapalaratnam Suthesh
- Skytte Anne-Bine
- Smith Katherine
- Smith Kenneth GC
- Snape Katie
- Soubrier Florent
- Southgate Laura
- Spears Jill
- Staines Simon
- Staples Emily
- Stark Hannah
- Stephens Jonathan
- Stirrups Kathleen
- Stock Sophie
- Stratoberdha Melissa
- Stratton Eric
- Suntharalingam Jay
- Swietlik Emilia
- Swietlik Emilia M
- Szuberla Sylwia
- Tait R Campbell
- Talks Kate
- Tan Rhea
- Tang Haiyang
- Tavlarides Andrea
- Tchourbanov Alexander Y
- Thaventhiran James
- Themistocleous Andreas
- Thenappan Thenappan
- Theuer Alison
- Thomas Moira
- Thomson Kate
- Thrasher Adrian
- Thys Chantal
- Tischkowitz Marc
- Titterton Catherine
- Toh Cheng-Hock
- Tomer David
- Torres Fernando
- Toshner Mark
- Toshner Mark R
- Traylor Matthew
- Treacy Carmen
- Treacy Carmen M
- Tregouet David-Alexandre
- Trembath Richard
- Trembath Richard C
- Tuna Salih
- Turek Wojciech
- Turk Erin
- Turro Ernest
- Ulrich Anna
- Urban Tracy
- Vale Tom
- Van Geet Chris
- Van Zuydam Natalie
- Vang Brenda
- Vazquez-Lopez Marta
- Visnaw Karen
- Von Ziegenweidt Julie
- Waisfisz Quinten
- Waisfisz Quintin
- Walker Suellen
- Walsworth Anna K
- Walter Robert E
- Warden Ashley
- Ware James
- Watkins Hugh
- Watt Christopher
- Webster Andrew
- Wei Wei
- Welch Steven
- Wessels Julie
- Westbury Sarah
- Westwood John-Paul
- Wharton John
- White R James
- Whitehorn Deborah
- Whitman Renesa
- Whitworth James
- Wilkins Martin R
- Williams Ann
- Williamson Catherine
- Wilson Opal
- Wilt Jeffrey
- Winslow Clayborne
- Wong Edwin
- Wood Nicholas
- Wood Yvette
- Woods Geoff
- Woodward Emma
- Wort Stephen
- Wort Stephen J
- Worth Austen
- Yates Katherine
- Yong Patrick
- Young Tim
- Yu Ping
- Yu-Wai-Man Patrick
- Yung Delphine
- Ziemak Caitlin
- Publication venue
- Lancet Respir Med
- Publication date
- 26/09/2018
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Rare genetic variants cause pulmonary arterial hypertension, but the contribution of common genetic variation to disease risk and natural history is poorly characterised. We tested for genome-wide association for pulmonary arterial hypertension in large international cohorts and assessed the contribution of associated regions to outcomes. METHODS: We did two separate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. These GWAS used data from four international case-control studies across 11 744 individuals with European ancestry (including 2085 patients). One GWAS used genotypes from 5895 whole-genome sequences and the other GWAS used genotyping array data from an additional 5849 individuals. Cross-validation of loci reaching genome-wide significance was sought by meta-analysis. Conditional analysis corrected for the most significant variants at each locus was used to resolve signals for multiple associations. We functionally annotated associated variants and tested associations with duration of survival. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint in survival analyses. FINDINGS: A locus near SOX17 (rs10103692, odds ratio 1·80 [95% CI 1·55-2·08], p=5·13 × 10-15) and a second locus in HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 (collectively referred to as HLA-DPA1/DPB1 here; rs2856830, 1·56 [1·42-1·71], p=7·65 × 10-20) within the class II MHC region were associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The SOX17 locus had two independent signals associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (rs13266183, 1·36 [1·25-1·48], p=1·69 × 10-12; and rs10103692). Functional and epigenomic data indicate that the risk variants near SOX17 alter gene regulation via an enhancer active in endothelial cells. Pulmonary arterial hypertension risk variants determined haplotype-specific enhancer activity, and CRISPR-mediated inhibition of the enhancer reduced SOX17 expression. The HLA-DPA1/DPB1 rs2856830 genotype was strongly associated with survival. Median survival from diagnosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension with the C/C homozygous genotype was double (13·50 years [95% CI 12·07 to >13·50]) that of those with the T/T genotype (6·97 years [6·02-8·05]), despite similar baseline disease severity. INTERPRETATION: This is the first study to report that common genetic variation at loci in an enhancer near SOX17 and in HLA-DPA1/DPB1 is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Impairment of SOX17 function might be more common in pulmonary arterial hypertension than suggested by rare mutations in SOX17. Further studies are needed to confirm the association between HLA typing or rs2856830 genotyping and survival, and to determine whether HLA typing or rs2856830 genotyping improves risk stratification in clinical practice or trials. FUNDING: UK NIHR, BHF, UK MRC, Dinosaur Trust, NIH/NHLBI, ERS, EMBO, Wellcome Trust, EU, AHA, ACClinPharm, Netherlands CVRI, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of UMC, Netherlands OHRD and RNAS, German DFG, German BMBF, APH Paris, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, and French ANR
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M
- Al-Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Bánhegyi Gábor
- Béchet Daniel M
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S-L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine M K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S B
- Clarke Peter G H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo María I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo José L
- Cronjé Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
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- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farré Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez-McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Aleš
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-An A
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Joseé
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
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- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
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- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
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- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
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- Johnson Gail V W
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- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
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- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
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- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
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- Kang Yoon-A
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- Kanno Haruo
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- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
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- Kawazoe Yoshinori
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- Kerkhoff Claus
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- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do-Hyung
- Kim Dong-Hou
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- Kim Jae-Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
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- Kotake Yaichiro
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- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia-Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
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- Kumar Raj
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- Li Yan-bo
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- Liao Yung-Feng
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- Lieberman Andrew
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- Lu Binfeng
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- Lynch-Day Melinda A
- László Lajos
- López-Otín Carlos
- Lőw Peter
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- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
- Mandelkow Eva-Maria
- Manon Stéphen
- Manov Irena
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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field