¿Desde dónde se mide la marginación? Una observación a los indicadores absolutos de exclusión del Consejo Nacional de Población en México

This paper focuses synthetically addressing some key aspects that add to itself -and serious- structural problems of political, economic and social order, creating conditions that exacerbate the marginalization from symbolic interaction in a society, either, but here it is the Mexican case addresses. The first part is theoretically analyzed the concepts of identity, culture and civilization, as generators of some of the conditions which, naturally, trigger processes of marginalization and social exclusion. This reflection becomes the framework that allows, in the second part of this work, a general review of the conceptual scheme of marginalization in Mexico, from the indicators that the National Population Council defined to measure rates marginalization in the country. Some final considerations point to the low relevance of these indicators and their inconsistency to support a report on the conditions of marginalization that even comes close to reality that exists in Mexico

Migración e identidad: una experiencia desde la ilegalidad

The article addresses the life experience of a Mexican immigrant family after twenty years living in the United States illegaly. The information is recorded from the father’s testimony. The interview technique was used from a phenomenological approach that allows us to analyze the relationship between identity, culture and territory as related factors. The results highlight the existence of an emerging identity in which individuals transform the way they perceive themselves, others and the world around them, as a result of interactions in a disadvantaged social position. The need for a migration policy that guarantees the human rights of immigrants is pointed out

Amyloid peptide mixtures: self-assembly, hydrogelation, nematic ordering and catalysts in aldol reactions

Morphological, spectroscopic and scattering studies of the self-assembly and aggregation process of mixtures of [RF]4 and P[RF]4 peptides (where: R = arginine; F = phenylalanine; P = proline), in solution and as hydrogels, were performed to obtain information about polymorphism. CD data confirmed a β-sheet secondary structure conformation for the solutions and TEM images revealed nanofibers with diameters of ~ 10 nm and micrometer lengths. SAXS curves were fitted using a mass fractal-component and a long cylinder shell form factor for the liquid samples, and only a long cylinder shell form factor for the gels. Increasing the P[RF]4 content in the systems leads to a reduction in cylinder radius and core density scattering, suggesting an increase in packing of the peptide molecules; however, the opposite effect was observed for the gels. Remarkably, the gels are birefringent, indicating nematic ordering of the gel fibrils. These compounds show potential as catalysts in the asymmetric aldol reactions, with cyclohexanone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde in aqueous media. A moderate conversion (36.9 %) and a good stereoselectivity (69:31) were observed for the system containing only [RF]4, and with the increase of the P[RF]4, a considerable decrease of the conversion was observed, suggesting differences in the self-assembly and packing factor. Rheological measurements were performed to determine the shear moduli for the soft gels. These model amyloid peptides demonstrate a range of tunable self-assembly behaviors and additionally have potential as biocatalysts

Self-assembly, nematic phase formation and organocatalytic behaviour of a proline-functionalized lipopeptide

The self-assembly of the amphiphilic lipopeptide PAEPKI-C16 (P = proline, A = alanine, E = glutamic acid, K = lysine, I = isoleucine, C16 = hexadecyl) was investigated using a combination of spectroscopic, microscopic and scattering methods and compared to C16-IKPEAP with the same (reversed) peptide sequence and the alkyl chain positioned N-terminally and which lacks a free N-terminal proline residue. The catalytic activity of these peptides were then compared using a model aldol reaction system. For PAEPKI-C16, Cryo-TEM images showed the formation of micrometer length fibers, which by Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were found to have a radius of 2.5 - 2.6 nm. Spectroscopic analysis shows these fibers are built from -sheets. This behaviour is in complete contrast to that of C16-IKPEAP which forms spherical micelles with peptides in a disordered conformation [Hutchinson, J. A. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2019, 123, 613]. For PAEPKI-C16, the spontaneous alignment of fibers was observed upon increasing pH, which was accompanied by observed birefringence and anisotropy of SAXS patterns. This shows the formation of a nematic liquids and unprecedented nematic hydrogel formation was also observed these lipopeptides at sufficiently high concentrations. SAXS shows retention of an ultrafine (1.7 nm core radius) fibrillar network within the hydrogel. PAEPKI-C16 with free N-terminal proline shows enhanced anti:syn diastereoselectivity and better conversion compared to C16-IKPEAP. The cytotoxicity of PAEPKI-C16 was also lower than C16-IKPEAP for both fibroblast and cancer cell lines. These results highlight the sensitivity of lipopeptide properties to the presence of a free proline residue. The spontaneous nematic phase formation by PAEPKI-C16 points to the highly anisotropy of its ultrafine fibrillar structure and the formation of such a phase at low concentration in aqueous solution may be valuable for future applications

Linguistic diversity and accessibility in Mexican government web sites: executive branch

In Mexico, linguistic diversity is a right protected by various initiatives and laws. However, the ethno-linguistic mosaic found in Mexico due to the multicultural nature of the population, has not been properly addressed by online public policies. This study presents an assessment of the indigenous language provision on Mexican government websites at a federal, state and local level. Its principal results show that practically no indigenous-language content is available on such e-Government sites, and highlight accessibility issues in some State Governments. This leaves the Mexican indigenous population in a situation of great inequality that poses a huge threat to their information access rights

Self-assembly of a catalytically active lipopeptide and its incorporation into cubosomes

The self-assembly and biocatalytic activity of the proline-functionalized lipopeptide PRW-NH-C16 are examined, and compared to that of the related PRW-O-C16 lipopeptide, which differs in having an ester linker between the lipid chain and tripeptide headgroup instead of an amide linker. Lipopeptide PRW-NH-C16 self-assembles into spherical micelles above a critical aggregation concentration, similar to the behaviour of PRW-O-C16 reported previously [B.M. Soares et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19, 1181—1189]. However, PRW-NH-C16 shows improved catalytic activity in a model aldol reaction. In addition, we explore incorporation of the biocatalytic lipopeptide into lipid cubosomes. SAXS shows that increasing lipopeptide concentration leads to an expansion of the monoolein cubosome lattice spacing, and loss of long-range cubic order as the lipopeptide is encapsulated in the cubosomes. At higher loadings of lipopeptide, reduced cubosome formation is observed at the expense of vesicle formation. Our results show that the peptide-lipid chain linker does not influence self-assembly but does impart improved biocatalytic activity. Furthermore, we show that lipopeptides can be incorporated into lipid cubosomes, leading to restructuring into vesicles at high loadings. These findings point the way towards the future development of bioactive lipopeptide assemblies and slow release cubosome-based delivery systems

Polymorphism of asymmetric catalysts based on amphiphilic lipopeptides in solution

The self-assembly of model [P]RWG lipopeptides (P: L-proline, R: L-arginine, W: L-tryptophan, G: L-glycine), containing one or two aliphatic octadecyl (C18) chains in water and cyclohexanone/water solutions was examined. The self-assembly of mixtures of these RWG and PRWG lipopeptides was also investigated. These materials presented a similar critical aggregation concentration of ∼4.0 × 10−4 wt% and were characterized by unordered secondary structures with some β-sheet content. TEM and cryo-TEM revealed the presence of mainly nanotape structures with micelles observed for systems rich in PRWG(C18H37). Analysis of detailed SAXS form factor measurements revealed the presence of bilayers 3–4 nm thick while the PRWG(C18H37) micelles have a core radius of approximately 3 nm, and a shell thickness of 2 nm. For the cyclohexanone/water systems polymorphs containing cluster aggregates (with radius of 0.25 nm to 0.50 nm) and some elongated structures (with radius of 5.7 nm to 26.1 nm) were seen. Longer structures were formed with the increase of the proline-containing lipopeptide content. The catalytic activity of these peptides was assessed using a model nitro-aldol reaction. The concentration of water in the reaction system influenced the conversion, higher content promoted better efficiency for the water systems, but the opposite was observed for the cyclohexanone/water samples

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Measurement of the correlation between the polar angles of leptons from top quark decays in the helicity basis at √s = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the correlations between the polar angles of leptons from the decay of pair-produced t and t̄ quarks in the helicity basis is reported, using proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.6  fb−¹ at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 7  TeV collected during 2011. Candidate events are selected in the dilepton topology with large missing transverse momentum and at least two jets. The angles θ1 and θ2 between the charged leptons and the direction of motion of the parent quarks in the tt̄ rest frame are sensitive to the spin information, and the distribution of cosθ1 ⋅ cosθ2 is sensitive to the spin correlation between the t and t̄ quarks. The distribution is unfolded to parton level and compared to the next-to-leading order prediction. A good agreement is observed

Search for massive, long-lived particles using multitrack displaced vertices or displaced lepton pairs in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Many extensions of the Standard Model posit the existence of heavy particles with long lifetimes. This article presents the results of a search for events containing at least one long-lived particle that decays at a significant distance from its production point into two leptons or into five or more charged particles. This analysis uses a data sample of proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3  fb−1 collected in 2012 by the ATLAS detector operating at the Large Hadron Collider. No events are observed in any of the signal regions, and limits are set on model parameters within supersymmetric scenarios involving R-parity violation, split supersymmetry, and gauge mediation. In some of the search channels, the trigger and search strategy are based only on the decay products of individual long-lived particles, irrespective of the rest of the event. In these cases, the provided limits can easily be reinterpreted in different scenarios