Evolución de la esencia y perspectivas de desarrollo de la economía digital

El desarrollo de la economía digital en Rusia va a la zaga de los líderes mundiales en este proceso. Sin embargo, para ser competitivo en el espacio digital de la economía global, es necesario superar este retraso. Para ello es necesario generalizar los enfoques teóricos y los conceptos de la economía digital en Rusia y en el mundo, seguir la evolución de las opiniones, los enfoques y las perspectivas de desarrollo, analizar el nivel de digitalización, la calificación de competitividad digital, los indicadores del desarrollo de la economía digital y el gobierno digital. Esto se hizo en el artículo porque el propósito del estudio es generalizar los enfoques teóricos sobre la esencia de la economía digital y las perspectivas de su crecimiento desde el punto de vista de la evolución. En cuanto a los resultados del estudio, se han identificado las etapas evolutivas del desarrollo de la economía digital, se ha realizado un análisis DAFO de la evolución de la economía digital en Rusia y se ha elaborado un esquema conceptual para la transformación digital de las empresas. El documento define los elementos esenciales de la transformación digital y su relación

Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Supply Chain Strategies Role and Analysis of Seaport Competitiveness in the Far East of Russia

Under market conditions, competitiveness is the main quality of any subject, whether it is an enterprise or such a complex structure as a seaport. Competitiveness was considered by many authors abroad and in Russia from different positions: cost approach, innovative approach, supply chain. Each author endured a certain aspect as the main one for analysis. The article is based on the analysis of different points of view and study object features, substantiates the essence of competitiveness through an integrated approach, since the seaport, performing a complex of specific services, fights for demand at different levels: from international to intra-port. The aim of the study was the systematization of theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of seaport competitiveness in the Russian Far East for the further development of proposals on competitiveness improvement. Based on the analysis, they substantiated the significance of seaports in the modern world economy and the economy of the Russian Far East. They evaluated the development potential of the Far Eastern ports. On the basis of an integrated supply chain, the competitiveness of the seaports of the Far East of Russia was assessed

Abordagens teóricas e metodológicas para controle introdução ao sistema de gestão da organização industrial

Currently, the provision of mainly intensive economic growth in industries is of strategic importance for Russian economy, the solution of which is impossible without the increase of management process efficiency using modern tools, with a unique character including controlling systems. The aim of the study was to systematize theoretical approaches to controlling for their further application in practice. A set of scientific methods was used during the study: analysis and synthesis, system approach, comparison, abstraction, historical method, induction and deduction, generalization and formalization. The authors carried out the periodization of controlling development overseas with the identification of its evolution main stages; they systematized the basic approaches to determine the essence of controlling, which allowed to formulate the contents of its three basic concepts in accordance with evolutionary development. The reasons of various conceptual approaches existence in Russia are the incidents of the term translation, the study of controlling by the experts from different branches of knowledge, and an insufficient filling of training programs with controlling disciplines. The study of controlling essence made it possible to identify the totality of the tasks and the functions performed before it in interrelation and interdependence. The separation of industrial enterprise functioning features that affect the organization of management processes made it possible to conclude that it is necessary to use controlling at all stages of the operational and investment cycles, to integrate it into the management and accounting system, with the definition of a sufficient number of subjects and objects. The work has systematized the existing approaches to the classification of controlling and the author's classification, was proposed taking into account the characteristics of industrial enterprises, as well as the controlling system model that emphasizes the need to take into account external and internal factors, the introduction of controlling in the company management system. It is recommended to use theoretical and methodical research results to train experts in the field of economics and management, as well as in real practice of industrial enterprises.En la actualidad, la provisión de crecimiento económico principalmente intensivo en industrias es de importancia estratégica para la economía rusa, cuya solución es imposible sin el aumento en la eficiencia del proceso de gestión utilizando herramientas modernas, con un carácter único que incluye sistemas de control. El objetivo del estudio fue sistematizar los enfoques teóricos para controlar su posterior aplicación en la práctica. Durante el estudio se utilizó un conjunto de métodos científicos durante el estudio: análisis y síntesis, enfoque sistémico, comparación, abstracción, método histórico, inducción y deducción, generalización y formalización. Los autores llevaron a cabo la periodización del control del desarrollo en el exterior con la identificación de sus etapas principales de evolución; sistematizaron los enfoques básicos para determinar la esencia del control, lo que permitió formular los contenidos de sus tres conceptos básicos de acuerdo con el desarrollo evolutivo. Las razones de la existencia de diversos enfoques conceptuales en Rusia son los incidentes del término traducción, el estudio del control por parte de los expertos de diferentes ramas del conocimiento, y un llenado insuficiente de programas de capacitación con disciplinas controladoras. El estudio de la esencia controladora permitió identificar la totalidad de las tareas y las funciones desempeñadas antes en interrelación e interdependencia. La separación de las características de funcionamiento de la empresa industrial que afectan la organización de los procesos de gestión permitió concluir que es necesario utilizar el control en todas las etapas de los ciclos operacionales y de inversión, para integrarlo en el sistema de gestión y contabilización, con la definición de un número suficiente de sujetos y objetos. El trabajo ha sistematizado los enfoques existentes para la clasificación del control y la clasificación del autor, se propuso teniendo en cuenta las características de las empresas industriales, así como el modelo de sistema de control que enfatiza la necesidad de tener en cuenta factores externos e internos, la introducción del control en el sistema de gestión de la empresa. Se recomienda utilizar los resultados de investigaciones teóricas y metódicas para capacitar a expertos en el campo de la economía y la gestión, así como en la práctica real de las empresas de la industria.Atualmente, a oferta de crescimento econômico, principalmente intensivo em indústrias, é de importância estratégica para a economia russa, cuja solução é impossível sem aumentar a eficiência do processo de gestão utilizando ferramentas modernas, com um caráter único que inclui sistemas de controle. O objetivo do estudo foi sistematizar as abordagens teóricas para controlar sua posterior aplicação na prática. Um conjunto de métodos científicos foi utilizado durante o estudo: análise e síntese, abordagem sistêmica, comparação, abstração, método histórico, indução e dedução, generalização e formalização. Os autores realizaram a periodização do controle do desenvolvimento no exterior com a identificação de seus principais estágios de evolução; Eles sistematizaram as abordagens básicas para determinar a essência do controle, o que permitiu formular o conteúdo de seus três conceitos básicos de acordo com o desenvolvimento evolucionário. As razões para a existência de várias abordagens conceituais na Rússia são os incidentes do termo tradução, o estudo do controle por especialistas de diferentes ramos do conhecimento e um preenchimento insuficiente de programas de treinamento com disciplinas controladoras. O estudo da essência controladora permitiu identificar a totalidade das tarefas e as funções desempenhadas anteriormente em interrelação e interdependência. A separação das características operacionais da empresa industrial que afetam a organização dos processos de gestão permitiu concluir que é necessário utilizar o controle em todas as etapas dos ciclos operacionais e de investimento, para integrá-lo ao sistema de gestão e contabilidade, com a definição de um número suficiente de sujeitos e objetos. Trabalho sistematizou abordagens existentes para o monitoramento de classificação e classificação do autor, foi proposto tendo em conta as características das empresas industriais, bem como o sistema de controle modelo que enfatiza a necessidade de ter em conta externa e fatores internos , a introdução do controle no sistema de gestão da empresa. Recomenda-se utilizar os resultados de investigações teóricas e metodológicas para formar especialistas no campo da economia e gestão, bem como na prática real das empresas industriais

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV