REVIEW : KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA DAN STABILITAS PIGMEN ANATTO (Bixa orellana L.) SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI PADA PANGAN

Anatto plant (Bixa orellana L.) is a plant that contains two types of pigments, namely bixin and norboxin. Bixin is the main pigment in kesumba fruit which is non-polar, while norbixin is polar. The utilization of anatto pigment have the potential to serve as a natural coloring agent for food. The physicochemical characteristics of annatto pigments are related to size, shape, boiling point, melting point, solubility, constituent compounds, bonds between atoms, polarity, and chemical reactions. Kesumba seeds can produce annatto pigments through an extraction process. Annatto extraction produces a yellowish orange color obtained from the outer layer of the seeds of the kesumba plant. The method used in the bixin extraction process is the maceration method by soaking the kesumba seeds in a mixture of organic solvents that match the polarity properties of bixin or norbixin pigments. Annatto seed powder has a greater attachment to oil than attachment to water, annatto seed powder has a relatively higher OHC than WHC. The melting point of bixin is 195°C and its boiling point is 280°C while the boiling point of norbixin ranges from 287-289°C and its melting point ranges from 169-170°C. The application of anatto pigment is used in commercial cheese products, cassava crackers, karag crackers, and pork patties. Besides functioning as a colorant, bixin extract can be to supply antioxidants due to its composition containing cartenoids

Ensaios de ecotoxicidade com Artemia salina, estudo fitoquímico e do potencial tóxico e antioxidante das cascas de Bixa orellana Linné (Bixaceae) e estudo do dotriacontane

Orientadora: Profª Drª Marilis Dallarmi MiguelCoorientadoras: Profª Drª Cristiane da Silva Paula de Oliveira, Profª Drª Samanta Daliana Golin Pacheco e Profª Drª Josiane de Fátima Gaspari DiasTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Defesa : Curitiba, 27/09/2021Inclui referências: p. 61-75Resumo: O presente trabalho compreende três pesquisas distintas. A primeira pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água marinha usando ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o microcrustáceo Artemia salina. Foram coletadas amostras de 12 praias de Florianópolis – Ilha de Santa Catarina, que após 48 horas em contato com A. salina foi verificado o índice de mortalidade dos microcrustáceos. De acordo com esse estudo, as amostras analisadas não apresentaram ecotoxicidade sobre a Artemia salina, o que indicaria por esse teste uma condição marinha favorável. Na segunda pesquisa, a espécie Bixa orellana conhecida como urucum, foi estudada. O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial tóxico e antioxidante das cascas de três cultivares visto ser um resíduo produzido, após a retirada das sementes. Os cultivares analisados foram verde (BOG), marrom (BOB) e vermelho (BOR) e foram realizados os testes de Artemia salina, para se avaliar o potencial ecotoxicológico e o teste de fosfomolibdênio para avaliar o potencial antioxidante. Os resultados demonstram que o único cultivar que apresentou letalidade significativa (p < 0,05) foi o cultivar BOG no teste de Artemia salina. No ensaio antioxidante do teste de fosfomolibdênio, a variedade vermelha, na fração acetato de etila e na fração bruta tiveram potencial antioxidante em relação a rutina. A terceira pesquisa apresenta uma investigação do potencial biológico do dotriacontane, um alcano de cadeia linear com 32 átomos de carbono, encontrado em diversos alimentos e plantas. Com o objetivo de se estudar possíveis ações desse composto, foi realizado um levantamento de artigos sobre o dotriacontane utilizando as bases de dados SciELO, Pubmed, Web of Science e Science Direct. Foi verificado que o dotriacontane é encontrado em diversas espécies vegetais apresentando efeito antimicrobiano e antioxidante. Com as três pesquisas pode-se concluir que a água marinha coletada não apresenta ecotoxicidade, que as cascas de Bixa orellana apresentam potencial antioxidante e que o dotriacontane apresenta potencial biológico.Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate comprises three distinct research. The first research aimed to evaluate a marine water quality using ecotoxicological tests with the microcrustacean Artemia salina. We collected samples collected from 12 beaches of Florianópolis - Isla of Santa Catarina, which after 48 hours in contact with Artemia salina, the mortality rate of microcrustaceans was verified. According to this study, the analyzed ones do not dissipate ecotoxicity on Artemia salina, which would indicate by this test a favorable marine condition. In the second research, a Bixa orellana species known as annatto was studied. The objective was to evaluate the toxic and antioxidant potential of the peels of three cultivars as it is a residual residue, after the removal of the seeds. Cultivars were green (BOG), brown (BOB) and red (BOR) and were performed on the testes of Artemia salina, to evaluate the ecotoxicological potential and the phosphomolybdenum test to evaluate the antioxidant potential. The results demonstrate that the only cultivar that presents decreased lethality (p <0.05) was the cultivar BOG in the Artemia salina test. On the antioxidant assay of the phosphomolybdenum test, a red variety, in the ethyl acetate fraction and in the crude fraction had antioxidant potential in relation to rutin. The third research presents an investigation of the biological potential of dotriacontane, a linear-chain alkane with 32 carbon atoms, found in various foods and plants. To study possible actions of this compound, a survey of articles on dotriacontane was carried out using the SciELO, Pubmed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases. It was found that dotriacontane is found in several plant species with an antimicrobial and antioxidant effect. With the three research, it is possible to wish that the collected marine water does not present ecotoxicity, that the Bixa orellana barks present antioxidant potential and that the dotriacontane presents biological potential