The Reading-Career Education Connection

Career education thus provides a framework that can make reading experiences vital and meaningful. Reading, as Brickell (1975) suggests, is the only skill that will be used in every job, the only skill that can free the mind and put bread on the table (p. 6). If his comments appear to be zealously stated, they nevertheless serve to amplify the reading-career education connection. For the vast majority of students reading is and will continue to be the most efficient vehicle for learning. It can serve as the prime tool for exploring the world of work and in sharpening the thinking skills needed to cope in a highly technological society. The reading curriculum, within a career education context, therefore, must be carefully articulated if students are to experience the full benefits of the reading-career education connection

Using Language to Gain Insight Into Literacy Learning

A language story captures children\u27s interactions with their immediate surroundings--the world about them--in such a way that it reflects how children develop the expectation that oral or written language is meaningful. As teachers of reading and writing we can use children\u27s language stories as a tool to gain insights into processes related to literacy learning

R\u3e S1 + S2 + S3 +…Sn

Proponents of a psychometric view of reading support the notion that there are identifiable skills. These skills portray a compact picture of reading that underlies both its measurement and its teaching

How Preservice Teachers Perceive Traditional and Competency-Based Reading Education

The study, we should emphasize, was exploratory in nature. Its purpose was to generate tentative insights into the effects of traditional and competency-based reading education so that relationships between the two instructional approaches could be better understood and lead to further hypothesis making and empirical verification

An Inquiry into Summer Loss in Reading: Grades 1-7

How does a three month summer vacation affect student reading ability? This study focused on whether students in grades one through seven experienced a gain or loss over the summer months in vocabulary and/or comprehension as measured by a standardized reading survey test

Unprocessed Viral DNA Could Be the Primary Target of the HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir

Integration of HIV DNA into host chromosome requires a 3′-processing (3′-P) and a strand transfer (ST) reactions catalyzed by virus integrase (IN). Raltegravir (RAL), commonly used in AIDS therapy, belongs to the family of IN ST inhibitors (INSTIs) acting on IN-viral DNA complexes (intasomes). However, studies show that RAL fails to bind IN alone, but nothing has been reported on the behaviour of RAL toward free viral DNA. Here, we assessed whether free viral DNA could be a primary target for RAL, assuming that the DNA molecule is a receptor for a huge number of pharmacological agents. Optical spectroscopy, molecular dynamics and free energy calculations, showed that RAL is a tight binder of both processed and unprocessed LTR (long terminal repeat) ends. Complex formation involved mainly van der Waals forces and was enthalpy driven. Dissociation constants (Kds) revealed that RAL affinity for unbound LTRs was stronger than for bound LTRs. Moreover, Kd value for binding of RAL to LTRs and IC50 value (half concentration for inhibition) were in same range, suggesting that RAL binding to DNA and ST inhibition are correlated events. Accommodation of RAL into terminal base-pairs of unprocessed LTR is facilitated by an extensive end fraying that lowers the RAL binding energy barrier. The RAL binding entails a weak damping of fraying and correlatively of 3′-P inhibition. Noteworthy, present calculated RAL structures bound to free viral DNA resemble those found in RAL-intasome crystals, especially concerning the contacts between the fluorobenzyl group and the conserved 5′C4pA33′ step. We propose that RAL inhibits IN, in binding first unprocessed DNA. Similarly to anticancer drug poisons acting on topoisomerases, its interaction with DNA does not alter the cut, but blocks the subsequent joining reaction. We also speculate that INSTIs having viral DNA rather IN as main target could induce less resistance

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta