Perencanaan Komponen Dies Pipa PVC Jenis SNI-10 dengan Computer Aided Design And Drafting

. In the manufacturing industry, the machine components are not only able to process metallic materials but also other materials such as polymers, ceramics, and composites. Although, the PVC pipe is one of the many common types of polymers. This is because, the PVC pipe has several advantages such as light weight, high corrosion resistance, easy to install, and more economic. The process of creating an application program of machine elements for the manufacture of dies on a PVC pipe, the process parameters need to be planned well. Therefore, the analysis of these calculations is made to be used as an input data in program design elements of the planning application machines for the manufacture of dies on PVC pipe. This program uses a Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) that use AutoLISP program for the imaging process and planning and also Dialogue Control Language to do the selection process, from materials selection to the calculation until the image as required to be produced. An expected program designing application machine elements for the manufacture of dies on PVC pipe can be applied to improve the previous method which is time consuming and the accuracy of the imaging process.Keywords. Designing, Drawing, Computer Aided Design and Drafting, PVC Pipe, AutoLISP

Analisa Struktur Mikro Dan Sifat Mekanik Pada Copper-iron Melalui Proses Mechanical Milling Dan Continuous Sintering

Mechanical Alloying (MA) / Mechanical Milling (MM) is a process of processing of solid metal powders including the union and re-destruction of powder particles by using high-energy ball mill. The difference depends on whether material transfer is involved or not during processing. The study was conducted by analyzing the effect of the mechanical milling process by comparing the microstructure and mechanical properties of the copper-iron between the ones before milling (sample 1) and after milling for 2 hours (sample 2). The sample was made into a green compact cold pressing process with an emphasis system using mechanical mechanisms and dual emphasis techniques. Sintering process using continuous type machine with conveyor belt mesh and furnace type is muffle. After that cooled with natural water jacket process. Vicker hardness testing and strength testing (tensile strength test) is performed to determine the mechanical properties of copper-iron alloys that occur. The mean value of sample 1 hardness (before milling) was 39.8 HV. The mean value of sample hardness 2 (after milling) was 74.9 HV. The value of the yield strength (σ) of sample 1 is 17.597MPa, and the value of ductility (ε) is 0.119. The value of the yield strength (σ) of sample 2 is 18.547MPa, and the value of ductility (ε) is 0.073. The observation of micro structure was done to know the physiological surface of the alloy formed and to know the distribution of the composition. Observation of sample microstructure 1 shows solid phase formation ε (silver color) is an area of iron element formed with large size. Solid phase γ (orange color) is an area of copper element formed with large size. The visible elements are copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) which have a large percentage formed with large size (> 50 μm), and the pore is also large (> 50 μm). For carbon element (C), it looks gray, with a small amount. For other elements, such as zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and Tin (Sn), generally, they are at the grain boundary of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) elements. Observation of sample microstructure 2 shows solid phase formation ε (silver color) showing iron area area formed with smaller size. The solid phase γ (white color) shows the copper element area formed with a smaller size. The elements seen are copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) with a small size (<50 μm), and small pores occur. From the test results and analysis showed that by shrinking the size of metal powder by milling for 2 hours can increase the hardness and yield strength of the product. Although the product becomes more brittle which is indicated by the decreased ductility value

Finite Element Analysis With Static And Dynamic Conditions Of Spare Wheel Carrier For Oh 1526 Fabricated By Saph 440 Hot Rolled Steel

Spare Wheel Carrier is a component that must exists in a heavy duty vehicle. The function of this part is to store additional wheel in order to deal with punctures that might happen to the tire. This part is usually placed in the middle of the vehicle in order to maintain the position of center of gravity of the vehicle. The purpose of this research is to analyze the strength of SAPH 440 as the manufacturing material of the Spare Wheel Carrier from one automotive company. The Spare Wheel Carrier will endure a load of a replacement tire for its entire cyclic load. The load itself will generate stresses and strains in the part, especially in the welding joint. Therefore, the analysis is to be done to provide the automotive company with the result to determine improvement that should be made. The method that is used in this research is using CATIA software to create the three dimensional model of the part. Later, we import the model to ANSYS software to analyze the equivalent stress, equivalent elastic strain, directional deformation, and cyclic load for steady load, live load, and shock load. The calculation shows that the part can endure the force from steady load, with the estimated cyclic load of 70,723 cycles. But for live load, the stress and strain will be happening around the yield strength and offset yield strength and the estimated cyclic load declining significantly to 6,358.6 cycles. Furthermore, the shock load result stated that the stress and the strain are exceeding the yield strength and reduces the estimated cyclic load to 1,843.9 cycles. In conclusion, the material is proven to be safe for USAge as the Spare Wheel Carrier manufacturing material.Keywords. spare wheel carrier, SAPH 440, stress, strain, deformation, cyclic loa

Pemodelan dan Analisa Struktur Mekanika pada Kontrol Sistem Adaptif End Effector dengan Dynamixel Ax-18a Motor Servo

The main objective of this project is to make a descriptive contribution to the understanding of adaptive end-effector design combined with servo motors. The simulation and design of this tool is located at the end of the robotic arm, which is one of the most researched topics in the world of robotics and the automation industry. End-effector is a design system in an automation process that must take into account the many possibilities of statics and mechanical responses in the development of facing intense competition in the industrial world. To determine the enhancements on a robot, the end-effector will be designed taking into account the various possibilities that occur in various variations on the workpiece response, so that it can simulate various levels of friction and pressure as well as the effects of end-effector contacts with various objects. This thesis introduces an integrated design process for the design of two-finger Gripper using simulation. To facilitate the integrated design of the Gripper, the author uses Matlab R2015a software/ Simulink (SimMechanics) and Inventor as a 3D Cad Model. The Servo motor that will be used here is a type of Dynamixel AX-18A servo motor which has a speed of 97RPM and Torque of 1.8 N.m with a 12Volt voltage. To deal with the industrial revolution 4.0, design and design such as this tool will help in the process of improvisation as technology is growing rapidly in the hope of minimizing excessive costs when making improvements. From this thesis can be seen the power response, torque, speed, power in, power out, efficiency and current. When a case requires certain specifications, then with this calculation it can easily solve the problem simply by replacing the motors that are in accordance with the desired specifications

Penurunan Ukuran Butir Serbuk Besi dengan Ball Milling 744 Rpm dan Ball To Powder Weight Ratio 1:5

Creating a magnet with powder metallurgy technology, the materials to be processed must be available in powder form with a relatively very fine size, in micrometers (μm). In the magnetism of materials, grinding the material to obtain a very fine powder size is intended to obtain a magnetic material powder having a single domain. One tool commonly used to reduce the size of the powder to reach the size of a micrometer (μm) is a ball milling machine. This tool works by using hard balls in a drum. The balls are clashing each other with ground powder until the powder size becomes very small. Ball milling is using a strong material SS400, so it is expected to last long. While the special drum uses a base material of metal that is non-magnetic based Austenitic Manganese Steel. Ball uses a Ni-Hard ball. The AC motor measured with a stroboscope while carrying the load is 744 rpm. The process of smoothing that occurs inside the tube when the machine is run is the occurrence of collisions between Ni-Hard balls with the best grind sand is 83.3 grams with the number of Ni-Hard ball 101 fruit with a diameter of 10 mm and 75 pieces with a diameter of 11 mm, with using a 1:5 ratio. The process of shooting using Keyence optical microscope VHX 5000 with 200x bundle. Significant size changes occur with grinding with 10 mm diameter Ni-Hard ball from 15 minutes to 45 minutes. Then by using a Ni-Hard ball diameter of 11 mm also changed although not too significant

Optimation Parameters of Cnc Milling Programming Machine on the Process TIME and Its Effect on the Efficiency

The problems revealed in this research is about Optimization parameters of CNC milling programing machine on the process time and its effect on the efficiency. The purpose of this research are to know the effect of feed rate, depth of cut, and maximum stepdown on processing time in CNC milling programming and searching for the best machining parameters that yield optimal processing time on CNC milling programming. The result can be in the simulation of machining distance or operation time, length of feed step or feed cut length, and length of step without feeding or fast traverse length. Experiment result data is used for see the influence, and contribution of each parameter to the machining process time, also the contribution of the optimized parameters for each process that makes the CNC milling machining process time, and cost will be more efficient

Burden of injury along the development spectrum : associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS: In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30-30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78-1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40-57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98-30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0·2% [-2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3·6% [-7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0-10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7-12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. INTERPRETATION: TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2017 includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030