A comparative analysis of French left and right: their approach to " the treaty establishing a constitution for Europe" and "Turkey's accession to the EU"

The traditional left-right dichotomy played a crucial role in the world politics for over two centuries. Within time, the content and the scope of this dichotomy evolved; the differentiation that began with discussions on the political regime was later carried to the religious realm, and then was transformed into a dichotomy involving class conflicts. However, in line with the collapse of communism and the rise of new capitalist world order, the validity of this dichotomy has been questioned. Regarding the French case, as a result of developments in the international arena, the change in the statist structure of the French political tradition whose aim was to have state control in economics, was effective for the research of the blurring of the left-right dichotomy. While France was the birth-place of the dichotomy, at the same time it became the arena where this dichotomy has began to be questioned when the left and the right parties determining the political agenda began to converge to the centre. The positions and the changes experienced by the French Socialist Party and the Union for a Popular Movement as the two closest candidates to rule France gives important clues on the blurring of the left-right dichotomy. When the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe and Turkey’s accession into the EU processes are evaluated, it is seen that the two leading parties in France were on the same side. These parties, while taking their positions on these two issues, rather than evaluating the situation at the European level, handled it in terms of its impact on the national level politics. These two parties’ attitudes of disassociating Turkey’s accession into the EU from the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe all throughout the Constitutional Treaty referendum process was based on the understanding that the subject of Turkey should not harm the political positions they had adopted. At this point the aim was not to disturb the French electorate and not to decrease these parties’ voting shares, and thus in this issue pragmatism and actions to save the day were effective. For that matter, it will not be correct to speak of a certain left-right dichotomy. As a result, the left-right dichotomy is not kept alive by the two leading parties in the centre but by the parties radicalized in the political system, thereby the traditional left-right dichotomy left the scene to the centre-periphery dichotomy

Site-specific seeding using multi-sensor and data fusion techniques : a review

Site-specific seeding (SSS) is a precision agricultural (PA) practice aiming at optimizing seeding rate and depth, depending on the within field variability in soil fertility and yield potential. Unlike other site-specific applications, SSS was not adopted sufficiently by farmers due to some technological and practical challenges that need to be overcome. Success of site-specific application strongly depends on the accuracy of measurement of key parameters in the system, modeling and delineation of management zone maps, accurate recommendations and finally the right choice of variable rate (VR) technologies and their integrations. The current study reviews available principles and technologies for both map-based and senor-based SSS. It covers the background of crop and soil quality indicators (SQI), various soil and crop sensor technologies and recommendation approaches of map-based and sensor-based SSS applications. It also discusses the potential of socio-economic benefits of SSS against uniform seeding. The current review proposes prospective future technology synthesis for implementation of SSS in practice. A multi-sensor data fusion system, integrating proper sensor combinations, is suggested as an essential approach for putting SSS into practice

The effects of the application of ferro sulphate and Fe-EDDHA on macro elements content of peach leaves

Bu araştırma, toprağa uygulanan demir sülfat ve Fe- EDDHA' nm, demir klorozundan etkilenen şeftali ağaçlarının makro element ( N, P, K, Ca ve Mg ) kapsamları üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla Bursa yöresinde 3 şeftali bahçesi seçilmiş ve 1990 yılında topraklara demir sülfat 500 g ve 1000 g FeS04.7H20 / ağaç. , Fe-EDDHA ( Sequestrene 138 Fe ) ise 100 , 200 ve 300 g / ağaç düzeylerinde uygulanmıştır. Demir sülfat toprağa 10 kg ahır gübresi ile birlikte uygulanmıştır. Demir bileşiklerini uygulamadan önce şeftali bahçelerinden toprak örnekleri alınarak bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. 1990 ve 1991 yıllarının iki ayrı döneminde yaprak örnekleri alınarak toplam N, P, K, Ca ve Mg analizleri yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, yaprakların makro element kapsamlarının yeterli düzeyde olduğunu göstermiştir. Topraklara farklı düzeylerde uygulanan FeSO4.7H2O ve Fe-EDDHA şeftali yapraklarının N, P, K, Ca ve Mg kapsamlarını azaltmıştır. Bu yönden Fe-EDDHA'nın daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiş olmakla birlikte, bu iki bileşiğin şeftali yapraklarının makro element kapsamlarını azaltıcı etkisi düzenli olmamıştır.This research was implemented to determine the effects of soll applied ferro sulphate and Fe-EDDHA on macro elements ( N, P. K, Ca and Mg ) contents of peach trees affected by iron chlorosis. For this purpose, three peach orchard was selected in Bursa Region. Ferro sulphate was applied to the soils at the rates of 500 g and 1000 g FeSOzt.VHaO per tree and Fe-EDDHA ( Sequestrene 138 Fe ) was applied at the rates of 100, 200 and 300 g per tree. in the year of 1990. Ferro sulphate was incorporated into the soils together with 10 kg FYM. Before the application of iron compounds, soil samples were collected and tested-for some Chemical and physical properties. The leaf samples were taken at two stages in the years of 1990 and 1991, and analysed for total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. According to the results, macro elements contents of peach leaves were found to be adequate as compared to the critical values of these elements. The applications of FeSOA.THaO and Fe-EDDHA to the soils in different rates decreased the N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of the leaves of peach trees. Although Fe- EDDHA was found to be more effective than FeSO4.7H2O, the ettects oi tnese two compounds in decreasing macro elements contents of the leaves were not harmonious

Some properties and nutrient elements' contents of non calcic brown soils in Bursa Province

Bu araştırma, Bursa ili Kireçsiz Kahverengi topraklarının bazı özellikleri ve besin maddesi içeriklerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla araştırma alanını temsil edecek şekilde 25 adet yüzey (0-25cm) toprak örneği alınmış ve bu örneklerin bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre topraklar genellikle orta ve ağır bünyeli, hafif asidik ile nötr ve hafif alkalin pH'da, kireçsiz ve tuzluluk sorunu yoktur. Toprakların değişebilir K, Ca, Mg ile yarayışlı P, Fe, Mn, Cu ve Zn içerikleri yönünden yeterli, ancak toprakların %76'sının organik madde, %52'sinin ise toplam N yönünden yetersiz düzeyde olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.This research was carried out to determine some properties and nutrient elements' contents of the soils of non Calcic Brown great soil group in Bursa province. For this purpose, 25 surface (0-25 cm) soil samples were taken from research area. Some physical and chemical properties were determined in these samples. According to the results of this study, soils were mostly medium and heavy textured, had slightly acid, neutral and slightly alkaline pH and were not calcareous. There was no problem of salinity in the soils. Although the exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and available P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn contents of soils were found to be adequate, whereas 76% and 52 % of the soils had inadequate levels of organic matter and total N, respectively