O Teleparalelismo como uma Teoria de Gauge para a Gravitação

The objective of the present work is to present a theory o gravitation whose formalism is analogous to the other fundamental interactions, which are described by gauge theories. The theory presented is also analogous to general relativity in classical levels. Initially, gauge theories are defined. Electromagnetism is presented as an example of this class of theories. The Dirac and Maxwell lagrangians are defined, and making then invariant by local gauge transformations leads to the sum of a coupling term, which leads to the obtaining of the correct lagrangian for the quantum electrodynamics. Then, the equations associated to the Yang-Mills theory, a gauge theory for special unitary groups of order n, are then presented. After this, the fundamentals of teleparallelism are discussed, which is presented as a gauge theory for the translation group, with the gauge potentials of the model being associated to gravitation. The role of the tetrads and torsion in the description of gravitation is discussed, as well as their geometrical meanings. The teleparallel lagrangian, quadratic in torsion, is then presented, and two applications are explained: a particle under the action of a gravitational field and the question of the energy-momentum density of the gravitational field are presented from the point of view of teleparallel gravity. It follows that teleparallelism, in addition to covering the classical phenomena already treated by general relativity, goes beyond and provides new descriptions, as the definition of a real spacetime and gauge energy momentum tensor for the gravitational field.Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma teoria de gravitação cujo formalismo seja análogo aos das demais interações fundamentais, as quais são descritas por teorias de gauge, ou teorias de calibre. A teoria apresentada é também análoga à relatividade geral em níveis clássicos. Define-se, inicialmente, as teorias de gauge. O eletromagnetismo é apresentado como um exemplo dessa classe de teorias. Define-se as lagrangianas de Dirac e Maxwell, e por meio do requisito de que elas sejam invariantes por transformações de gauge locais, um termo deacoplamento é acrescentado à soma das lagrangianas, levando à obtenção da lagrangiana correta para a eletrodinâmica quântica. Em seguida, as equações associadas à teoria de Yang-Mills, uma teoria de gauge para grupos especiais unitários de ordem n, são então apresentadas. Após isso, são apresentados os fundamentos do teleparalelismo, e essa teoria é então descrita como uma teoria de gauge para o grupo de translação, sendo os potenciais de gauge do modelo associados à gravitação. O papel das tetradas e da torção na descrição da gravitação é então discutida, bemcomo seus significados geométricos. A lagrangiana do teleparalelismo, quadrática na torção, é então apresentada, e duas aplicações são desenvolvidas: uma partícula sob a ação de um campo gravitacional e a questão da densidade de energia-momento do campo gravitacional são apresentadas sob o ponto de vista da gravitação teleparalela. Conclui-se que o teleparalelismo, além de abranger os fenômenos clássicos já tratados pela relatividade geral, vai além e propicianovas descrições, como a definição de um tensor de energia-momento de espaço-tempo e de gauge verdadeiro para o campo gravitacional

ASSISTÊNCIA À PESSOA COM SÍNDROME FIBROMIÁLGICA NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAUDE: MANEJO E DIAGNÓSTICO

A fibromialgia causa dor crônica que afeta tanto o corpo quanto as emoções das pessoas que a têm, diminuindo bastante a qualidade de vida delas. É considerada um problema de saúde pública, porque além de ser um desafio para um bom diagnóstico para os médicos da atenção básica gera um custo elevado para o SUS. Este estudo procura descrever as intervenções realizadas para a assistência do portador de síndrome fibromiálgica na atenção primária à saúde, por meio de uma revisão de várias publicações sobre os cuidados com pessoas que têm essa condição, do ponto de vista da atenção primária. A fibromialgia não tem uma causa específica, é considerada uma doença complexa com diferentes fatores, como problemas no processamento do estresse, distúrbios na regulação da dor pelo sistema nervoso e influências genéticas. O processo de cuidado, quando realizado de maneira organizada, é uma ferramenta importante para orientar esses pacientes e no apoio às equipes de saúde na atenção primária. Isso torna possível o uso de abordagens alternativas junto com os cuidados tradicionais na atenção primária à saúde

Maternal outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 severity among pregnant women.

Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may lead to obstetrical complications. We performed a case control study comparing pregnant women with severe coronavirus disease 19 (cases) to pregnant women with a milder form (controls) enrolled in the COVI-Preg international registry cohort between March 24 and July 26, 2020. Risk factors for severity, obstetrical and immediate neonatal outcomes were assessed. A total of 926 pregnant women with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were included, among which 92 (9.9%) presented with severe COVID-19 disease. Risk factors for severe maternal outcomes were pulmonary comorbidities [aOR 4.3, 95% CI 1.9-9.5], hypertensive disorders [aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.0] and diabetes [aOR2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.5]. Pregnant women with severe maternal outcomes were at higher risk of caesarean section [70.7% (n = 53/75)], preterm delivery [62.7% (n = 32/51)] and newborns requiring admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [41.3% (n = 31/75)]. In this study, several risk factors for developing severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women were identified including pulmonary comorbidities, hypertensive disorders and diabetes. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes appear to be influenced by the severity of maternal disease

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Search for supersymmetry in events with one lepton and multiple jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe