A economia solidária é feminina? : análise da política nacional de economia solidária sob a perspectiva de gênero

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Serviço Social, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Política Social, 2007.A presente pesquisa procura analisar, a luz do marco conceitual das relações de gênero, o desenvolvimento da política nacional de economia solidária, implementada pela Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária criada pelo Governo Federal no âmbito do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Levandose em consideração que a Economia Solidária assume entre seus princípios a agenda e as reivindicações das lutas das mulheres, em direção à equidade de gênero, o interesse principal da investigação foi o de verificar como a promoção da igualdade de gênero encontra tradução nas políticas efetivadas pelo Estado para fomentar os empreendimentos e/ou a educação dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras envolvidos no campo da economia solidária. Dentre os resultados alcançados, verifica-se que há ainda, apesar dos grandes avanços percebidos, sérios obstáculos a serem superados para fazer com que a transversalidade de gênero vá além da incorporação do discurso de gênero e assuma a condição de práxis dos atores públicos e fundamento das políticas públicas de economia solidária e do conjunto das políticas sociais que visam reduzir as desigualdades sociais. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis study intends to analyze based on the conceptual from work of gender relations, the development of the national politic of social economy implemented by National Departament of Social Economy, which was established by the Federal Government in the scope of Labour and Employment Ministry. Taking into consideration that the social economy takes the agende and questions of the women’s fight gender equity among its princips, the main concern of this investigation was to verify how the promotion of gender equality is on the political actions by the state to promote the business and/or the education of works in the Social Economy area. Among the results, it was possible to conclude that, despite some improvements, there are stile serious obstacles to be overcome in order to have the gender mainstream going beyond the internalization of gender discourse and reach the praxis conditions of public actors and public politics foundation of social economy and the social politic set that aim to reduce the social differences

O que se faz quando há violência? : a política de assistência social no combate a violência intrafamiliar

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Serviço Social, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Política Social, 2019.A presente tese de doutorado teve como objetivo investigar como se conformam e se desenvolvem os serviços socioassistenciais no atendimento à violência intrafamiliar tendo em vista a centralidade da família como princípio norteador da política de assistência social. Considerando que violência intrafamiliar tem como uma de suas causas o poder patriarcal e as desigualdades de gênero dele decorrente, assume-se que as ideias são mediadas pelas relações de poder na sociedade e que as investigações científicas têm de questionar estruturas e valores da sociedade, por isso elegeu-se como método de investigação a perspectiva crítica e a epistemologia feminista. A abordagem de pesquisa foi qualitativa, recorrendo-se à análise bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. O âmbito federal e o Distrito Federal compuseram o campo para o levantamento e análises documentais, bem como para a realização de entrevistas com dez gestoras. No Distrito Federal se entrevistou também dez operadoras da política, que coordenavam os Centros de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) e Centros de Referência Especializados de Assistência Social (CREAS). Para a interpretação das informações obtidas se utilizou o método “análise de conteúdo”. De modo a cumprir o objetivo proposto, a presente Tese foi organizada em quatro capítulos, a fim de: a) apreender a contemporânea emergência do papel dialético da família como instituição a ser protegida e, ao mesmo tempo, como aporte protetivo empregado pelo Estado na implementação de políticas sociais; b) analisar o processo de transição da assistência social do âmbito da caridade e do favor, para a esfera dos direitos, descrevendo como esse histórico influenciou a atual estruturação da política de assistência social e as implicações da escolha da matricialidade sociofamiliar como um dos seus eixos estruturantes; c) identificar os determinantes da violência intrafamiliar, o porquê da política de assistência social ser evocada para responder a esse fenômeno, e como as regulações dos serviços socioassistenciais atendem tal demanda; e d) averiguar a compreensão das gestoras e operadoras da política de assistência social sobre a matricialidade sociofamiliar: como tal compreensão influencia nos meios interventivos e abordagens empregadas pelos serviços socioassistenciais voltados à prevenção e o enfrentamento da violência intrafamiliar, e como repercurte na materialização de medidas de caráter protetivo e de acesso aos direitos à todos os membros das famílias em situação de violência intrafamiliar. Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que a política de assistência social reitera o modelo patriarcal de família, fato que determina a naturalização e invisibilidade da ocorrência de violência em seu âmbito. Isso porque assume a violência como elemento presente na família, mas não redefine a expectativa quanto às funções tradicionais a serem desempenhadas por esta, nem assume que um dos elementos centrais da violência intrafamiliar são as desigualdades de poder e autonomia entre seus membros, o que naturaliza e perpetua o papeis tradicionais de gênero e as relações patriarcais como princípio organizativo das famílias. Ainda foram constatados como o familiarismo brasileiro e o familismo das políticas sociais conformam os serviços socioassistenciais – justificados como repercussão da matricialidade sociofamiliar dessa política, apesar de pontualmente emergirem sinais em direção à democratização das relações familiares. Observou-se que o combate à violência intrafamiliar constitui importante ação no âmbito socioassistencial, todavia é preciso de contribuição estatal: a) na formação dos profissionais, sobretudo no que concerne às causas da violência passíveis de intervenção em tais serviços, em especial as relações desiguais estabelecidas no âmbito familiar, bem como no suprimento de suas necessidades básicas; b) no desenvolvimento de redes intersetoriais de apoio às famílias; e c) na oferta de aportes públicos capazes de apoiar nas atribuições designadas às famílias, em particular, às mulheres.The objective of this doctoral thesis was to investigate how social assistance services are shaped and developed in the treatment of intra-family violence, considering the centrality of the family as the guiding principle of the services and in the social assistance policy management. Considering that the intra-family violence has as one of its causes the patriarchal power and the gender inequalities resulting from it, it is assumed that ideas are mediated by the power relations in society and that scientific investigations have to question the structures and society values, therefore the critical perspective and the feminist epistemology were chosen as the investigative method. The research used a qualitative approach, resorting to bibliographical analysis, documentary and semi-structured interviews. The federal scope and the Federal District comprised the field for the survey and documentary analyzes, as well as for interviews with ten managers. In the Federal District, ten policymakers were also interviewed, those were the coordinators at the Social Assistance Reference Centers (CRAS) and Specialized Reference Centers for Social Assistance (CREAS). The "content analysis" method was used in the interpretation of the obtained information. In order to fulfill the proposed objective, the present thesis was organized in four chapters in order to: a) apprehend the contemporary emergence of the dialectical role of the family as an institution to be protected and, at the same time, as a protective contribution made by the State in implementation of social policies; b) analyze the transition process of social assistance from the field of charity and favor to the sphere of rights, describing how this history influenced the current structuring of social assistance policy and the implications of choosing socio-family matricity as one of its structuring axes. c) identify the determinants of intra-family violence, why social assistance policy is evoked to respond to this phenomenon, and how the regulations of social assistance services meet such demand; and d) to verify the understanding of the managers and operators of the social assistance policy on socio-family matricity: how this understanding influences the intervention methods and approaches used by social assistance services for the prevention and confrontation of intra-family violence, and how it affects the materialization of protective measures and access to rights for all members of families in situations of intra-family violence. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the social assistance policy reiterates the patriarchal family model, a fact that determines the naturalization and invisibility of the occurrence of violence in its scope. This is because it assumes violence as a present element in the family, but it does not redefine the expectation regarding the traditional functions to be performed by the family, nor does it assume that one of the central elements of intra-family violence is the inequalities of power and autonomy among its members, which naturalizes and perpetuates traditional gender roles and patriarchal relations as the organizing principle of families. It was also observed how Brazilian familialism and the familism of social policies conform the social assistance services - in essence, justified as repercussions of the socio-familial matriciality of this policy, although signs of democratization of family relations are emerging. It was observed that the fight against intra-family violence constitutes an important action in the socio-assistance field, but a state contribution is necessary: a) in the training of professionals, moreover with regard to the causes of violence that can be intervened in these services, especially unequal relationships established within the family, as well as, in meeting their basic needs; b) in the development of intersectoral networks for families support; and c) in the provision of public contributions capable of supporting the attributions assigned to families, in particular, to women

REVISÃO DAS PRINCIPAIS COMPLICAÇÕES DA DENGUE

A dengue é uma doença febril aguda, que possui dinamicidade e acomete diversos segmentos do organismo humano, sendo caracterizada como sistêmica, podendo cursar de forma benigna ou grave e levar à morte, sendo que somente até o mês de fevereiro de 2024 foi responsável por 94 mortes no Brasil. Diante disso, foi realizada uma busca na base de dados PubMed, em que se utilizou os seguintes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde: dengue; and; complications. A partir disso foram encontrados 25 artigos e após a análise foram utilizados 14 artigos para a confecção deste trabalho. Foi possível concluir que a dengue pode ocasionar diversas complicações de moderadas a grave que incluem enfalite e encefalopatia quanto ao sistema nervoso central, já no sistema cardiovascular pode causar miocardite e arritmias, além disso possui a capacidade de lesar o tecido ocular e promover derrame pleural em até um terço dos pacientes. Dessa forma, esta revisão buscou revisar as principais complicações que a dengue pode causar nos indivíduos acometidos, de modo que auxilie profissionais e pacientes a reconhecerem outras manifestações desta doença.&nbsp

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation