Alguns aspectos da biologia floral de Annona sericea Dun. (Annonaceae)

This paper presents the basic characteristic of the floral biology of Annona sericea Dun. Observations were based on five adult trees located on the INPA Campus in Manaus, AM. The flowers of Annona sericea Dun. are cantharophilous with the temperature of the flower rising to 6°C above of nighttime temperature. Insect visitors observed were beetles of the family Chrysomelidae (likely pollinators) and flies of the family Sciaridae (occasional pollinators). The beetles feed on the internal parts of the petals and also mate inside the flowers. The synchronous shedding of the stigmas and subsequent dehiscence of the anthers on any given plant precludes the possibility of self-pollination both at the level of the flower and individual tree however the species is self-compatible. Pollen fertility is 96%, however the natural fruit-set is very low.São apresentados neste trabalho alguns aspectos da biologia floral de Annona sericea Dun. As suas flores apresentam características de cantarofilia e os insetos visitantes são besouros Chrysomelidae (provável polinizador) e moscas Sciaridae (eventualmente polinizador acessório). Os besouros alimentam-se da parte interna das pétalas e também copulam no interior da flor. A temperatura das flores se eleva até 6°C além da temperatura ambiente, no período noturno. É mostrado um esquema da queda dos estigmas e posterior descarga do pólen. A flor não pode ser autopolinizada, pois os estigmas caem antes da descarga do pólen, porém ela é autocompatível. A fertilidade polínica é de 96%. todavia o número de frutos formados naturalmente é pequeno

Biologia floral e polinização de Casearia grandiflora, Casearia. javitensis e Lindackeria paludosa (Flacourtiaceae) na região de Manaus, AM

Floral biology, pollination and reproductive system of Casearia grandiflora Cambess., C. javitensis Kunth and Lindackeria paludosa (Benth.) Gilg were studied on the Federal University of Amazonas campus, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (03°04'34" S, and 59°57'50" W), from November 2003 to December 2004. Observations of morphology, floral biology and floral visitors were made. The reproductive system and reproductive success was determined through field experimental pollinations. The flowers are hermaphrodites or staminated in Lindackeria paludosa and hermaphrodites in Casearia species, which emit a sweet scent during anthesis and has pollen of high fertility. Lindackeria paludosa and Casearia javitensis flowers open in the morning, whereas Casearia grandiflora flowers open at night. The main pollinators are flies of the Syrphidae family for the Casearia and bees of the Apidae and Halictidae families for L. paludosa. The results of the manual pollinations indicate that Casearia grandiflora and Lindackeria paludosa are auto-compatible species, in contrast to Caseria javitensis which is auto-incompatible. The species present a high reproductive potencial, but a low pre-emergent reproductive success

Polinização de Pagamea duckei Standl. (Rubiaceae): Uma espécie funcionalmente dióica

The floral biology, pollination and breeding system of Pagamea duckei Standl. (Rubiaceae) were studied at the Reserva Biológica da Campina, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Floral morphology suggested that P. duckei is a distylous species. However, crossing experiments revealed that it is functionally dioecious. The flowers are actinomorphic, yellowish, produce nectar and a sweet odor, which is more intense in the morning. Anthesis started in the morning between 5.00 and 6.00 AM and extended until dusk, when the corolla tube abscissed. The flowers were visited mostly by bees of the genus Melipona. Pagamea duckei is not agamospermic and thus needs pollen vectors for effective pollination. The results of this study strengthen the idea that, in Pagamea, species with distylous flower morphology are actually functionally dioecious

ACTA V_25(2)_ART13_p380a386.indd

(Apocynaceae) in the understory of Amazon Rainforest, Brazil). In this paper we examined the fl oral biology, per-visit eff ectiveness, frequency of visits and relative abundance of the diurnal fl oral visitor taxa of T. undulata (Apocynaceae) at two populations located in the primary forest and in a disturbed area connected to the continuous forest. Its hermaphrodite fl owers show a long and narrow fl oral tube and introrse anthers form a cone around the apex of the style head where the pollen is deposited. Th e stigmatic head has three functional regions, in a complex pollination mechanism favoring cross-pollination. In the pollinator censuses conducted in the primary forest population we registered Eulaema bombiformis. In the disturbed area Euglossa sp. was responsible for visits on T. undulata fl owers. Eulaema bombiformis was not absent in the disturbed area, but preferred to forage on pollen and nectar-rich fl owers of two neighboring fl owering species. In the primary forest, T. undulata was the only fl owering treelet at the end of the dry season. Signifi cant diff erences were not observed regarding the frequency of visits and relative abundance among the diurnal fl ower visitors at both sites. In the per-visit eff ectiveness experiment among fl ower visitors, we observed one fruit produced aft er E. bombiformis' visits. Due to the complex breeding system of T. undulata in that it is characterized by very low fruit production even under natural conditions, an indirect measure of pollinator eff ectiveness is needed in at a future stage of this study in order to clarify the role of these bee species as pollinators of T. undulata

POLINIZAÇÃO DE Camaridium ochroleucum LINDL. (ORCHIDACEAE: MAXILLARIINAE)

This paper describes the floral biology and pollination of Camaridium ochroleucum Lindl. It is an epiphyte on trees and fallen logs in campina and campinarana forming large clusters of individuals, however isolated individuals can also be observed. It has many of osmophores located on the lip. With ammonium hydroxide the lip acquired an intense color yellow. Melipona ilustris and Trigona fulviventris are flower visitors able to remove the pollinia. Depending on where deposited these species are able to remove the pollinarium during body cleaning. Pollen thieves were also observed, such as Tetragona handlirschii and Apidae 1. The species is self-incompatible and has low fruit set in natural conditions.Keywords: Amazonian; Maxillarinae; Melipona; Trigona; trichomes food.O presente trabalho descreve a biologia floral e a polinização de Camaridium ochroleucum Lindl. Ocorre como epífita em árvores e troncos caídos na campina aberta e na campinarana formando grandes aglomerados de indivíduos, todavia indivíduos isolados também podem ser observados. Possui grande quantidade de osmóforos localizados no labelo. Com o hidróxido de amônio o labelo adquiriu coloração intensa coloração amarela. Melipona illustris e Trigona fulviventris são os visitantes florais capazes de remover as políneas. Dependendo do local que o polinário fica depositado estas espécies são capazes de removê-las durante a limpeza corporal. Pilhadores de pólen também foram observados, tais como, Tetragona handlirschii e Apidae 1. A espécie demonstrou-se autoincompatível e possui baixa taxa de frutificação em meio natural.Palavras-chave: Amazônia, Maxillarinae, Melipona, Trigona, tricomas alimentícios

Pollination of Pagamea duckei Standl. (Rubiaceae): a functionally dioecious species

The floral biology, pollination and breeding system of Pagamea duckei Standl. (Rubiaceae) were studied at the Reserva Biológica da Campina, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Floral morphology suggested that P. duckei is a distylous species. However, crossing experiments revealed that it is functionally dioecious. The flowers are actinomorphic, yellowish, produce nectar and a sweet odor, which is more intense in the morning. Anthesis started in the morning between 5.00 and 6.00 AM and extended until dusk, when the corolla tube abscissed. The flowers were visited mostly by bees of the genus Melipona. Pagamea duckei is not agamospermic and thus needs pollen vectors for effective pollination. The results of this study strengthen the idea that, in Pagamea, species with distylous flower morphology are actually functionally dioecious

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders