Norwegian Rural Vigilantism during COVID-19: Self-Protection against a Perceived Urban Threat

When private citizens mobilise to protect their local community against threats, the rationale is that the local government is unable or unwilling to do so, due to legal restrictions, a lack of organisational resources and capacity – or indifference and discrimination. While these practises are commonly theorised as vigilantism, this conceptual approach draws in large part on studies of urban parts of the United States, Latin/South America, and the Commonwealth countries. This corresponds to a parallel knowledge gap in rural criminology, where there is little knowledge of so-called peripheral areas in the global north as well as a dearth of theoretical conceptualisation about rural vigilantism, and few studies cover areas outside the Anglo-American context. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in 2020, this paper contributes to knowledge of vigilantism in the Nordics by providing a study on how Norwegian citizens mobilised to protect local communities from an urban pandemic threat, constituting a new form of rural vigilantism

Law after July 22, 2011: Survivors, Memory and Reconstruction

Source at https://www.prio.org/publications/12987.​While the criminal law and security governance aspects of the July 22 terror attack in Norway have been extensively analyzed in the academic literature, much less attention has been given to processes involving civil law, legal mobilization and legal-bureaucratic processes. ​The slow workings of the law mean that the aftermath of July 22 is still unfolding in different legal processes. This PRIO paper carves out a socio-legal research agenda intended to bridge the aforementioned knowledge gap. In so doing, it identifies various aspects of how the law deals with survivors, their families and the bereaved. It also addresses the legal debates over memorials and the reconstruction and securitization of the Norwegian Government Quarter. We argue that in choosing between extraordinary and ordinary legal mechanisms and instruments to deal with the terror attack, the state and the legal system have opted for the latter. This emphasis on “ordinary law” must be investigated. We are interested in how law distributes resources, rights and identities and sets limits on government interventions – and how individual actors and organizations mobilize the law to shape the political, popular and legal narratives around July 22

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Konfliktens anatomi : Hytteforbudet i et ruralkriminologisk perspektiv

For å hindre smittespredning til distriktene og overbelastning av lokale helsevesen ble «hytteforbudet» vedtatt mars 2020. Overtredelse var straffbart med bøter og fengsel inntil 6 måneder. «Hyttefolk» var på nasjonalt plan en omdiskutert gruppe i pandemiens tidlige fase. Som gruppe ble de som brøt forbudet møtt med motstand både lokalt samt i redaksjonelle og sosiale medier. Flere ytet også selv motstand mot dem som forsøkte å hindre dem fra å oppholde seg i sine fritidsboliger. Gjennom intervjuer med syv «hyttefolk» og fem lokalinnbyggere i fire norske «hyttekommuner» analyseres hytteforbudkonfliktens anatomiske oppbygging i et ruralkriminologisk perspektiv. Klassiske kriminologiske teorier om stigmatisering, relativ belastning og borgervern anvendes for å undersøke på hvilke måter det klassiske begrepsapparatet er relevant for rurale kontekster. Analysekapitlene går kronologisk og anatomisk gjennom konfliktens eskalasjonsmomenter. Oppgavens funn er at konfliktene som hytteforbudet utløste var et uttrykk for spenninger som lenge har ligget latent mellom byfolk og bygdefolk. Hytteforbudet satte gruppenes økonomiske bånd midlertidig på pause, slik at disse spenningene fikk uttrykkes. Stigmatiseringsteori forklarer i stor grad hvordan «hyttefolk» opplevde sin synlighet, hva som kjennetegnet stigmaet deres, hvilke tiltak de tok for ikke å avsløres, og hvordan det påvirket deres selvoppfatning og atferd. I analyse skilles det mellom fysisk synlighet, digital synlighet og fornemmelse av å være synlig uten at informantene vet om det stemmer. Borgervernteori belyser lokalinnbyggeres organiserte motstand mot «hyttefolk». Borgervernet var et svar på at lokalinnbyggere opplevde at lokale myndigheter ikke gjorde nok for å stanse tilreisende «hyttefolk», og ble uttrykt i varsling av hvilke hytter det var folk i, konfrontasjoner, trusler, og veisperringer. For at dette teoretiske apparatet skal være egnet for rurale kontekster, hvor myndighetspersoner er tett knyttet til lokalt samtaleklima, foreslås endringer i skillet mellom «autonome» og «ansvarlige» borgerverndeltakere. De klassiske teoriene suppleres med liminalitet- og autoktonibegrep underveis for å analysere tidens (liminalitet) og stedets (autoktoni) betydning. I diskusjon knyttes funnene til større bygd/by-problematikk og til ruralkriminologisk utvikling. Et hovedfunn i forskningsøyemed er at retten til å tilhøre er et sentralt konfliktelement i bygd/by-forholdet, og at dette forsterkes i krisetid. Prosjektet er et utforskende bidrag til det ruralkriminologiske feltet

Mistenksomhetens spiral : Autoktoni og eskalasjonsmomenter i den norske hytteforbudkonflikten

In March and April 2020, at the earliest stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Norwegian government prohibited overnight stays at secondary homes as an early measure to prevent the spread of the virus. Violations of the ban carried penalties of up to 6 months in prison. Popularly dubbed the Cabin Ban, the law catalysed national debate, and violations of the ban generated massive public interest. This article recounts local conflicts sparked by the ban in four Norwegian «cabin municipalities», as described by residents, local politicians and cabin owners. It identifies the notion of autochthony as a central tool in understanding why some chose to breach the ban, why local residents mobilised against cabin owners, and why the conflict escalated to the extent it did

Law after July 22, 2011: Survivors, Memory and Reconstruction

​While the criminal law and security governance aspects of the July 22 terror attack in Norway have been extensively analyzed in the academic literature, much less attention has been given to processes involving civil law, legal mobilization and legal-bureaucratic processes. ​The slow workings of the law mean that the aftermath of July 22 is still unfolding in different legal processes. This PRIO paper carves out a socio-legal research agenda intended to bridge the aforementioned knowledge gap. In so doing, it identifies various aspects of how the law deals with survivors, their families and the bereaved. It also addresses the legal debates over memorials and the reconstruction and securitization of the Norwegian Government Quarter. We argue that in choosing between extraordinary and ordinary legal mechanisms and instruments to deal with the terror attack, the state and the legal system have opted for the latter. This emphasis on “ordinary law” must be investigated. We are interested in how law distributes resources, rights and identities and sets limits on government interventions – and how individual actors and organizations mobilize the law to shape the political, popular and legal narratives around July 22

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018) : a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points