Soft Probes of the Quark-Gluon Plasma with ALICE at LHC

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) should start its activity of data taking by the end of summer 2009, and will provide beams of p-p and Pb-Pb at colliding energies up to 14 TeV and 5.5 ATeV respectively. The Pb-Pb heavy-ion program aims at reaching the necessary conditions to create a deconfined state of partons, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), whose study is one of the most exciting physics topics to be explored thanks to the possibilites offered by this new-generation accelerator. In particular, the "soft" observables related to low and intermediate pT processes, will shed light on many fundamental properties of the system, such as thermodynamic parameters, chemical composition, expansion velocity etc. The p-p collisions will be of great interest as well, since they will serve as an essential reference for heavy ions. ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC experiment dedicated to the study of the QGP. Its large acceptance and low magnetic field make it particularly suited for the study of soft phenomena. After having given an overview of this detector, I will present the main motivations and prospects for soft physics in both p-p and Pb-Pb collisions.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. Proceedings of the Lake Louise Winter Institute 200

Les récits d’histoire littéraire québécoise des cégépiens : des récits sans intrigue

Quel est le récit d’histoire littéraire québécoise que les étudiants retiennent à la fin de leur parcours collégial? Nous nous sommes intéressé à cette question. Par le biais d’un questionnaire, nous avons interrogé plus de 300 étudiants qui étaient à la fin de leurs études collégiales. Les réponses à ce questionnaire nous ont permis de tracer une ébauche du récit d’histoire littéraire québécoise, de mieux comprendre l’enseignement que les étudiants ont reçu et d’analyser ce récit. La première constatation que nous avons faite est que nous étions en présence d’une multitude de récits. En effet, il n’y a pas deux récits pareils et il y a une grande dispersion des résultats. Ensuite, ce qui a retenu le plus notre attention est l’absence de mise en intrigue. Les étudiants utilisent plusieurs éléments pour faire l’histoire de la littérature québécoise. Les plus importants sont : la Nouvelle-France, la littérature orale, le 19e siècle, le terroir, l’anti-terroir, le roman de la ville, les années 1960, la littérature migrante et la postmodernité. Mais il n’y a pas d’articulation entre ces éléments. Ils sont tous traités de façon autonome; nous avons l’impression d’être en présence d’un mur de briques sans mortier. L’absence de certains éléments semble expliquer la forme du récit : les étudiants font une histoire qui utilise seulement les courants, il y a une absence d’événements tant littéraires qu’historiques. Ils ne font pas de liens avec les autres littératures. Bref, les éléments pouvant servir à articuler un récit sont évincés. Il est donc difficile de considérer le récit des étudiants comme une histoire littéraire.What history of Québec’s literature students hold on to at the end of their collegial studies? That’s the question that we asked ourselves. With the help of a questionnaire, we questioned 300 students that were at the end of their collegial studies. The responses to this questionnaire allow us to trace a draft of that story. Our first observation is that we are in the presence of a multitude of stories. Indeed, no story is similar to the other ones and a big dispersion exist in the results. Therefore, we realize that the stories are not “mis en intrigue”. The students use many elements to tell the story of Québec’s literature. The most important are : the Nouvelle-France, the oral literature, the 19e century, the “terroir”, the “anti-terroir”, the “roman de la ville”, the 1960’s, the migrant literature et the postmodernity. But nothing articulates these elements. They’re all self-sufficient; we have the impression to be in front of a wall of bricks without mortar. The absence of certain elements tend to explain the form of the story : the student tell a story that only use the “courant”, there is an absence of historic or literary events and they don’t make links with other literatures. In brief, all the elements that we could use to articulate a story are gone. In that case, it’s hard to considerate the story done by the students like a real history of Québec’s literature. Keywords

A Roadmap for HEP Software and Computing R&D for the 2020s

Particle physics has an ambitious and broad experimental programme for the coming decades. This programme requires large investments in detector hardware, either to build new facilities and experiments, or to upgrade existing ones. Similarly, it requires commensurate investment in the R&D of software to acquire, manage, process, and analyse the shear amounts of data to be recorded. In planning for the HL-LHC in particular, it is critical that all of the collaborating stakeholders agree on the software goals and priorities, and that the efforts complement each other. In this spirit, this white paper describes the R&D activities required to prepare for this software upgrade.Peer reviewe

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

The Barents and Chukchi Seas: Comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems

This paper compares and contrasts the ecosystems of the Barents and Chukchi Seas. Despite their similarity in a number of features, the Barents Sea supports a vast biomass of commercially important fish, but the Chukchi does not. Here we examine a number of aspects of these two seas to ascertain how they are similar and how they differ. We then indentify processes and mechanisms that may be responsible for their similarities and differences.Both the Barents and Chukchi Seas are high latitude, seasonally ice covered, Arctic shelf-seas. Both have strongly advective regimes, and receive water from the south. Water entering the Barents comes from the deep, ice-free and "warm" Norwegian Sea, and contains not only heat, but also a rich supply of zooplankton that supports larval fish in spring. In contrast, Bering Sea water entering the Chukchi in spring and early summer is cold. In spring, this Bering Sea water is depleted of large, lipid-rich zooplankton, thus likely resulting in a relatively low availability of zooplankton for fish. Although primary production on average is similar in the two seas, fish biomass density is an order of magnitude greater in the Barents than in the Chukchi Sea. The Barents Sea supports immense fisheries, whereas the Chukchi Sea does not. The density of cetaceans in the Barents Sea is about double that in the Chukchi Sea, as is the density of nesting seabirds, whereas, the density of pinnipeds in the Chukchi is about double that in the Barents Sea. In the Chukchi Sea, export of carbon to the benthos and benthic biomass may be greater. We hypothesize that the difference in fish abundance in the two seas is driven by differences in the heat and plankton advected into them, and the amount of primary production consumed in the upper water column. However, we suggest that the critical difference between the Chukchi and Barents Seas is the pre-cooled water entering the Chukchi Sea from the south. This cold water, and the winter mixing of the Chukchi Sea as it becomes ice covered, result in water temperatures below the physiological limits of the commercially valuable fish that thrive in the southeastern Bering Sea. If climate change warms the Barents Sea, thereby increasing the open water area via reducing ice cover, productivity at most trophic levels is likely to increase. In the Chukchi, warming should also reduce sea ice cover, permitting a longer production season. However, the shallow northern Bering and Chukchi Seas are expected to continue to be ice-covered in winter, so water there will continue to be cold in winter and spring, and is likely to continue to be a barrier to the movement of temperate fish into the Chukchi Sea. Thus, it is unlikely that large populations of boreal fish species will become established in this Arctic marginal sea. © 2012 Elsevier B.V