Un aspect significatif de la réflexion linguistique en Belgique francophone : la réédition, en 1986, du "Bon usage" de Maurice Grevisse

Parmi les nombreux ouvrages de linguistique et de grammaire publiés en Belgique, cette nouvelle édition revue par André Goosse montre qu'il y eut, entre 1975 et 1986, une importante évolution qui a contribué à la libéralisation de la réflexion et de la pratique dans le champ de la grammaire dite « normative ».. La publication de cet ouvrage devrait influencer autant l'enseignement du français dans les pays francophones que l'attitude générale des linguistes à l'égard de cette langue.Among the many linguistic and grammatical works in Belgium, this new edition revised by André Goosse shows that between 1975 and 1986 there was an important evolution which contributed to the liberation of reflection and practise in the field of the so-called « Normative Grammar ».. The publication of this work is going to exert a great influence in French speaking countries both in the teaching of French and in the general attitude of the linguists towards this language

Leonardo Sciascia et l’esprit des Lumières

Né le 8 janvier 1921 à Racalmuto, près d’Agrigente, fils d’un petit employé des soufrières, Leonardo Sciascia n’en a pas moins eu un contact précoce avec la culture française et l’on relève, éparses dans son œuvre, nombre d’allusions à La Rochefoucauld, Pascal, Courier, Casanova, Sade, Chateaubriand, Hugo, Flaubert, Stendhal, Mallarmé ou Gide. Particulièrement nette peut-être, l’imprégnation de la littérature des Lumières avec laquelle il se sent une véritable connivence, complaisamment confe..

Cross-Talk between Oxysterols and Glucocorticoids: Differential Regulation of Secreted Phopholipase A2 and Impact on Oligodendrocyte Death

BACKGROUND: Oxysterols are oxidized forms of cholesterol. They have been shown to be implicated in cholesterol turnover, inflammation and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Glial cells are targets of oxysterols: they inhibit astrocyte proliferation after brain injury, and we have previously shown that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OH) provokes oligodendrocyte apoptosis and stimulates the expression of sPLA2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA), which has a protective effect. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: As glucocorticoids are well-known for their anti-inflammatory effects, our aim was to understand their direct effects on oxysterol-induced responses in oligodendrocytes (sPLA2-IIA stimulation and apoptosis). We demonstrate that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) abolishes the stimulation of sPLA2-IIA by 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH). This inhibition is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which decreases the expression of the oxysterol receptor Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and interferes with oxysterol signaling by recruiting a common limiting coactivator PGC1alpha. Consistent with the finding that sPLA2-IIA can partially protect oligodendrocytes against oxysterol-triggered apoptosis, we demonstrate here that the inhibition of sPLA2-IIA by Dex accelerates the apoptotic phenomenon, leading to a shift towards necrosis. We have shown by atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy that 25-OH and Dex alters oligodendrocyte shape and disorganizes the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results provide a new understanding of the cross-talk between oxysterol and glucocorticoid signaling pathways and their respective roles in apoptosis and oligodendrocyte functions

Retinoid X receptor gamma signaling accelerates CNS remyelination

The molecular basis of CNS myelin regeneration (remyelination) is poorly understood. We generated a comprehensive transcriptional profile of the separate stages of spontaneous remyelination that follow focal demyelination in the rat CNS and found that transcripts that encode the retinoid acid receptor RXR-γ were differentially expressed during remyelination. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage expressed RXR-γ in rat tissues that were undergoing remyelination and in active and remyelinated multiple sclerosis lesions. Knockdown of RXR-γ by RNA interference or RXR-specific antagonists severely inhibited oligodendrocyte differentiation in culture. In mice that lacked RXR-γ, adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells efficiently repopulated lesions after demyelination, but showed delayed differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Administration of the RXR agonist 9-cis-retinoic acid to demyelinated cerebellar slice cultures and to aged rats after demyelination caused an increase in remyelinated axons. Our results indicate that RXR-γ is a positive regulator of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination and might be a pharmacological target for regenerative therapy in the CNS

Gothic Revival Architecture Before Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill

The Gothic Revival is generally considered to have begun in eighteenth-century Britain with the construction of Horace Walpole’s villa, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, in the late 1740s. As this chapter demonstrates, however, Strawberry Hill is in no way the first building, domestic or otherwise, to have recreated, even superficially, some aspect of the form and ornamental style of medieval architecture. Earlier architects who, albeit often combining it with Classicism, worked in the Gothic style include Sir Christopher Wren, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent and Batty Langley, aspects of whose works are explored here. While not an exhaustive survey of pre-1750 Gothic Revival design, the examples considered in this chapter reveal how seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Gothic emerged and evolved over the course of different architects’ careers, and how, by the time that Walpole came to create his own Gothic ‘castle’, there was already in existence in Britain a sustained Gothic Revivalist tradition

Les Noëls flamands de Camille Lemonnier

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe