Jak prawidłowo wyliczyć tętno maksymalne?

Abstract: Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is usually defined as the highest heart rate achieved during maximum physical exertion and depends mainly on age, but also to a lesser extent on other parameters such as: BMI, body composition, physical capacity, age, gender and the type of exercise test. Measurement of HRmax takes place both in cardiology and in sports during exercise testing. In many situations, it is difficult to determine the maximum heart rate during the test and it becomes necessary to estimate HRmax based on the knowledge of the above-mentioned factor. This paper also presents the methods of carrying out exercise tests and the influence of pharmacotherapy on the results obtained.Tętno maksymalne (HRmax) zwykle określane jest jako najwyższe tętno osiągane podczas maksymalnego wysiłku fizycznego i jest uzależnione przede wszystkim od wieku, ale również, w mniejszym stopniu, od innych parametrów takich jak: wskaźnik masy ciała, skład ciała, wydolność fizyczna, wiek, płeć oraz rodzaj badania wysiłkowego. Dokonywanie pomiaru HRmax ma miejsce zarówno w kardiologii, jak i w sporcie podczas badań wysiłkowych. W wielu sytuacjach nie udaje się wyznaczyć tętna maksymalnego podczas badania i konieczne staje się estymowanie HRmax na podstawie znajomości wyżej wymienionych czynników mających wpływ na jego wysokość. W niniejszej pracy przedstawione zostały również sposoby przeprowadzania badań wysiłkowych oraz wpływ farmakoterapii na uzyskane wyniki

How to calculate a maximum heart rate correctly?

Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is usually defined as the highest heart rate achieved during maximum physical exertion and depends mainly on age, but also to a lesser extent on other parameters such as: body mass index, body composition, physical capacity, age, gender and the type of exercise test. Measurement of HRmax takes place both in cardiology and in sports during exercise testing. In many situations, it is difficult to determine the maximum heart rate during the test and it becomes necessary to estimate HRmax based on the knowledge of the above-mentioned factor. This paper also presents the methods of carrying out exercise tests and the influence of pharmacotherapy on the results obtained.Maximum heart rate (HRmax) is usually defined as the highest heart rate achieved during maximum physical exertion and depends mainly on age, but also to a lesser extent on other parameters such as: body mass index, body composition, physical capacity, age, gender and the type of exercise test. Measurement of HRmax takes place both in cardiology and in sports during exercise testing. In many situations, it is difficult to determine the maximum heart rate during the test and it becomes necessary to estimate HRmax based on the knowledge of the above-mentioned factor. This paper also presents the methods of carrying out exercise tests and the influence of pharmacotherapy on the results obtained

Rapid draft sequencing and real-time nanopore sequencing in a hospital outbreak of Salmonella

Background: Foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella remain a pressing public health concern. We recently detected a large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 14b affecting more than 30 patients in our hospital. This outbreak was linked to community, national and European-wide cases. Hospital patients with Salmonella are at high risk, and require a rapid response. We initially investigated this outbreak by whole-genome sequencing using a novel rapid protocol on the Illumina MiSeq; we then integrated these data with whole-genome data from surveillance sequencing, thereby placing the outbreak in a national context. Additionally, we investigated the potential of a newly released sequencing technology, the MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, in the management of a hospital outbreak of Salmonella. Results: We demonstrate that rapid MiSeq sequencing can reduce the time to answer compared to the standard sequencing protocol with no impact on the results. We show, for the first time, that the MinION can acquire clinically relevant information in real time and within minutes of a DNA library being loaded. MinION sequencing permits confident assignment to species level within 20 min. Using a novel streaming phylogenetic placement method samples can be assigned to a serotype in 40 min and determined to be part of the outbreak in less than 2 h. Conclusions: Both approaches yielded reliable and actionable clinical information on the Salmonella outbreak in less than half a day. The rapid availability of such information may facilitate more informed epidemiological investigations and influence infection control practices

A systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction

Funding: This work was funded by the European Society for Evolution (which funds a Special Topic Network on Evolutionary Ecology of Thermal Fertility Limits to CF, AB, RRS and TARP), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P002692/1 to TARP, AB and RRS, NE/X011550/1 to LRD and TARP), the Biotechnology and \Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/W016753/1 to AB, TARP and RRS) and a Heisenberg fellowship from the German Research Foundation (FR 2973/11-1 to CF).1. Exposure to extreme temperatures can negatively affect animal reproduction, by disrupting the ability of individuals to produce any offspring (fertility), or the number of offspring produced by fertile individuals (fecundity). This has important ecological consequences, because reproduction is the ultimate measure of population fitness: a reduction in reproductive output lowers the population growth rate and increases the extinction risk. Despite this importance, there have been no large‐scale summaries of the evidence for effect of temperature on reproduction. 2. We provide a systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction. We systematically searched for published studies that statistically test for a direct link between temperature and animal reproduction, in terms of fertility, fecundity or indirect measures of reproductive potential (gamete and gonad traits). 3. Overall, we collated a large and rich evidence base, with 1654 papers that met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 1191 species. 4. The map revealed several important research gaps. Insects made up almost half of the dataset, but reptiles and amphibians were uncommon, as were non‐arthropod invertebrates. Fecundity was the most common reproductive trait examined, and relatively few studies measured fertility. It was uncommon for experimental studies to test exposure of different life stages, exposure to short‐term heat or cold shock, exposure to temperature fluctuations, or to independently assess male and female effects. Studies were most often published in journals focusing on entomology and pest control, ecology and evolution, aquaculture and fisheries science, and marine biology. Finally, while individuals were sampled from every continent, there was a strong sampling bias towards mid‐latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, such that the tropics and polar regions are less well sampled. 5. This map reveals a rich literature of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction, but also uncovers substantial missing treatment of taxa, traits, and thermal regimes. This database will provide a valuable resource for future quantitative meta‐analyses, and direct future studies aiming to fill identified gaps.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements