Foreldremiljø og sosial kapital

Bakgrunn: Relasjoner mellom foreldre til elever i skolen, også kalt foreldremiljø, er tidligere belyst i forskning som en helsefremmende faktor hvor foreldre kan være lagspillere rundt barna. Foreldremiljøet virker som et viktig supplement for å fremme et mer positivt miljø i klassen samt bidra til å redusere mobbing. En nærmere undersøkelse av status samt hvordan dette organiseres fra det offentlige studeres videre i denne avhandlingen. Formål: Formålet med masteravhandlingen var å undersøke om det var forskjell på foreldremiljø ved skoler med ulik tilnærming og ulikt antall møtepunkter for foreldre i løpet av det første skoleåret i grunnskolen. Metode: Studien var en kvantitativ tversnittstudie. Data ble samlet inn gjennom strategisk utvalg og inneholdt totalt 107 voksne (kvinner = 76, menn = 31) fra 5 ulike skoler som foreldre ved 1.trinn i grunnskolen. Deskriptiv statistikk, ANOVA med Post Hoc test og lineær regresjonsanalyse ble gjennomført. Resultater: Resultatene i studien viste en signifikant forskjell mellom foreldremiljø ved skoler som har foreldreskolekonsept og de skolene som ikke har det. Resultatet viser at skolene med fokus på foreldreskolekonsept scorer signifikant dårligere på foreldremiljø enn skolene uten foreldreskole som konsept, selv om man kanskje skulle tro det motsatte. Resultatet viser også en statistisk signifikant forskjell (p < 0,05) i deltakelse på antall foreldremøter i regi av skolen. Konklusjon: Studien viste status på foreldremiljø ved fem ulike skoler i Innlandet og forskjeller mellom de ulike skolene. Forskjellene var signifikante for disse tre variablene: gjennomføring av foreldreskolekonsept eller ikke, antall foreldremøter som avholdes i løpet av skoleåret og klassestørrelse.Background: Relationships between parents, with children in school, also called the parental environment have previously been highlighted in research as a helath promoting factor where parents can be team players around the children. The parental environment acts as an important supplement to promote a more positive environment in the class of their children. It also reduces bullying. A closer examination of the parental environment and how its organized from public sector, is studied further in this thesis. Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate whether there was a difference between parental environment at schools with different approaches and different numbers of meeting points for parents during the first year of primary school. Method: The study was a quantitative cross-sectional study. Data were collected through strategic sampling and contained a total of 107 adults (women = 76, men = 31) from 5 different schools as parents at grade 1 in primary school. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA with Post Hoc test and linear regression analysis were performed. Results: The results of the study showed a significant difference between the parent environment at schools that have a parent school concept and those schools that do not. The results show that schools focusing on parent school concepts score significantly worse on parent environment than schools without parent school as a concept, although one might think the opposite. The result also shows a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in participation in the number of parent meetings organized by the school. Conclusion: The study showed the status of the parental environment at five different schools in Innlandet and differences between the different schools. The differences were significant for these three variables: parent school concept or not, number of parent meetings held during the school year, and class size

Stedsidentitet og ferdselsårer : planlegging av ferdselsårer for gående og syklende som et bidrag til Tangens identitet

For at et sted skal være attraktivt å bo på bør man kjenne en tilhørighet til stedet. Denne tilhørigheten henger sammen med stedsidentiteten. I denne oppgaven har jeg benyttet et caseområde, Tangen, som står ovenfor store forandringer gjennom en forventet innbyggervekst og flytting av nåværende jernbanetrassé og togstasjon. Denne forandringen kan utfordre den eksisterende stedsidentiteten til de som allerede bor på Tangen. Min innfallsvinkel på dette er å benytte ferdselsårer for gående og syklende som et bidrag til å sikre kvalitet og sammenheng mellom de eksisterende og framtidige bebygde områdene og samtidig tilføre noe stedet ikke har i dag. I første rekke ser jeg på ferdsel i hverdagen. Det er denne ferdselen som bidrar til at man blir kjent i nærområdet, får en tilknytning til stedet og samtidig forbedrer den generelle folkehelsen. Det er også et mål for meg å hverdagsliggjøre friluftsliv og rekreasjon. Det gjøres ved å dra rekreasjonsmulighetene inn i hverdagsferdselen og knytte de opp mot eksisterende stinettverk og omkringliggende natur. Oppgaven består av fire deler: Generell del, Analyser over Tangen, Hovednettverk for gående og syklende og Skisseplaner. Den første delen er en litteraturstudie som tar for seg temaene stedsidentitet, det å gå og å sykle samt universell utforming og vann. Del to består av omfattende analyser over Tangen. Analysene viser stedet slik det er i dag og hvilke områder som skal omreguleres i framtidig kommunedelplan. I del tre viser jeg vegen fram til et forslag på et overordnet ferdselsårenettverk der fokuset er ferdsel for gående og syklende. Fra del tre er to av ferdselsårene videreført til del fire som består av utformingsforslag og prinsipper for utforming. De to utvalgte ferdselsårene er forskjellige ved at den ene er svært viktig for ferdsel mens den andre er svært viktig for stedsidentiteten. Disse to ferdselsårene møtes og skaper et tredje område som jeg også ser nærmere på. For a place to be attractive to live at, one should feel a sense of belonging to the place. This affiliation is related to place identity. In this master thesis I have used Tangen as a case study area. Tangen faces big changes through an expected population growth and relocation of existing railway route and train station. This change may challenge the existing place identity of those already living in Tangen. My approach to this is to use travel patterns for pedestrians and cyclists as a contribution to ensure quality and coherence between the existing and future built-up areas, while also introducing some new elements. First and foremost, I look at the movement in everyday life. This daily movement helps you get to know the local area, get a connection to the place and at the same time improve the overall public health. It is also a aim for me to make outdoor activities and recreation more trivial. This is done by bringing recreation opportunities into the daily traffic and link them to the existing path networks and surroundings. This thesis consists of four parts: General Part, Analysis of Tangen, Main networks for pedestrians and cyclists and Sketch Plans. The first part is a study that addresses the issues place identity, walking and cycling, design for universal accessibility and water. Part two consists of comprehensive analysis of Tangen. The analyses show how the area around Tangen city centre is like today and what areas will be changed in the future municipal section plan. In part three I show the process towards a proposal for general travel patterns where the focus is traffic for pedestrians and cyclists. Based on section three, two of the routes are further considered/discussed in part four, that consists of design proposals and principles of design. The two selected routes are different. One is very important for traffic while the other one is very important for place identity. I also discuss the third area that is created where these two routes meet

Mechanisms of exercise-induced improvements in the contractile apparatus of the mammalian myocardium

One of the main outcomes of aerobic endurance exercise training is the improved maximal oxygen uptake, and this is pivotal to the improved work capacity that follows the exercise training. Improved maximal oxygen uptake in turn is at least partly achieved because exercise training increases the ability of the myocardium to produce a greater cardiac output. In healthy subjects, this has been demonstrated repeatedly over many decades. It has recently emerged that this scenario may also be true under conditions of an initial myocardial dysfunction. For instance, myocardial improvements may still be observed after exercise training in post-myocardial infarction heart failure. In both health and disease, it is the changes that occur in the individual cardiomyocytes with respect to their ability to contract that by and large drive the exercise training-induced adaptation to the heart. Here, we review the evidence and the mechanisms by which exercise training induces beneficial changes in the mammalian myocardium, as obtained by means of experimental and clinical studies, and argue that these changes ultimately alter the function of the whole heart and contribute to the changes in whole-body function

Assumptions behind grammatical approaches to code-switching: when the blueprint is a red herring

Many of the so-called ‘grammars’ of code-switching are based on various underlying assumptions, e.g. that informal speech can be adequately or appropriately described in terms of ‘‘grammar’’; that deep, rather than surface, structures are involved in code-switching; that one ‘language’ is the ‘base’ or ‘matrix’; and that constraints derived from existing data are universal and predictive. We question these assumptions on several grounds. First, ‘grammar’ is arguably distinct from the processes driving speech production. Second, the role of grammar is mediated by the variable, poly-idiolectal repertoires of bilingual speakers. Third, in many instances of CS the notion of a ‘base’ system is either irrelevant, or fails to explain the facts. Fourth, sociolinguistic factors frequently override ‘grammatical’ factors, as evidence from the same language pairs in different settings has shown. No principles proposed to date account for all the facts, and it seems unlikely that ‘grammar’, as conventionally conceived, can provide definitive answers. We conclude that rather than seeking universal, predictive grammatical rules, research on CS should focus on the variability of bilingual grammars

Exercise training as S-Klotho protein stimulator in sedentary healthy adults: Rationale, design, and methodology

Aims: The secreted form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho), which is considered a powerful biomarker of longevity, makes it an attractive target as an anti-ageing therapy against functional decline, sarcopenic obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The S-Klotho plasma levels could be related to physical exercise inasmuch physical exercise is involved in physiological pathways that regulate the SKlotho plasma levels. FIT-AGEING will determine the effect of different training modalities on the S-Klotho plasma levels (primary outcome) in sedentary healthy adults. FIT-AGEING will also investigate the physiological consequences of activating the klotho gene (secondary outcomes). Methods: FIT-AGEING will recruit 80 sedentary, healthy adults (50% women) aged 45–65 years old. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to a non-exercise group, i.e. the control group, (n=20), a physical activity recommendation from World Health Organization group (n=20), a high intensity interval training group (n=20), and a whole-body electromyostimulation group (n=20). The laboratory measurements will be taken at the baseline and 12 weeks later including the S-Klotho plasma levels, physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength), body composition, basal metabolic rate, heart rate variability, maximal fat oxidation, health blood biomarkers, free-living physical activity, sleep habits, reaction time, cognitive variables, and health-related questionnaires. We will also obtain dietary habits data and cardiovascular disease risk factors.The study is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/04172 and FPU15/03960). The study was partially supported by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)

High-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training in the prevention/management of cardiovascular disease

Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) has long been considered the most effective exercise treatment modality for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, but more recently high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged into the clinical environment has been viewed as a potential alternative to MICT in accruing such benefits. HIIT was initially found to induce significant improvements in numerous physiological and health-related indices, to a similar if not superior extent to MICT. Since then, many studies have attempted to explore the potential clinical utility of HIIT, relative to MICT, with respect to treating numerous cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension. Despite this, however, the efficacy of HIIT compared to MICT with respect to in reversing the specific symptoms and risk factors of these cardiovascular pathologies for improved health and wellbeing as well as reduced morbidity and mortality is not well understood. In addition, HIIT is often perceived as very strenuous, which could potentially render it unsafe for those at risk of or afflicted with cardiovascular disease, but these issues are also yet to be reviewed. Furthermore, the optimal HIIT protocol for each of the cardiovascular disease cohorts has not been established. Thus, the purpose of this review article is to (i) evaluate the efficacy of HIIT relative to MICT in the prevention and management of cardiovascular conditions, and (ii) explore any potential safety issues surrounding the suitability and/or tolerability of HIIT for patients with cardiovascular disease, as well as the potential optimal prescriptive variables of HIIT for application in the clinical environment

Impact of inactivity and exercise on the vasculature in humans

The effects of inactivity and exercise training on established and novel cardiovascular risk factors are relatively modest and do not account for the impact of inactivity and exercise on vascular risk. We examine evidence that inactivity and exercise have direct effects on both vasculature function and structure in humans. Physical deconditioning is associated with enhanced vasoconstrictor tone and has profound and rapid effects on arterial remodelling in both large and smaller arteries. Evidence for an effect of deconditioning on vasodilator function is less consistent. Studies of the impact of exercise training suggest that both functional and structural remodelling adaptations occur and that the magnitude and time-course of these changes depends upon training duration and intensity and the vessel beds involved. Inactivity and exercise have direct “vascular deconditioning and conditioning” effects which likely modify cardiovascular risk

Age related vascular endothelial function following lifelong sedentariness: positive impact of cardiovascular conditioning without further improvement following low frequency high intensity interval training

Aging is associated with diffuse impairments in vascular endothelial function and traditional aerobic exercise is known to ameliorate these changes. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective at improving vascular function in aging men with existing disease, but its effectiveness remains to be demonstrated in otherwise healthy sedentary aging. However, the frequency of commonly used HIIT protocols may be poorly tolerated in older cohorts. Therefore, the present study investigated the effectiveness of lower frequency HIIT (LfHIIT) on vascular function in a cohort of lifelong sedentary (SED; n = 22, age 62.7 +/- 5.2 years) men compared with a positive control group of lifelong exercisers (LEX; n = 17, age 61.1 +/- 5.4 years). The study consisted of three assessment phases; enrolment to the study (Phase A), following 6 weeks of conditioning exercise in SED (Phase B) and following 6 weeks of low frequency HIIT in both SED and LEX (LfHIIT; Phase C). Conditioning exercise improved FMD in SED (3.4 +/- 1.5% to 4.9 +/- 1.1%; P < 0.01) such that the difference between groups on enrolment (3.4 +/- 1.5% vs. 5.3 +/- 1.4%; P < 0.01) was abrogated. This was maintained but not further improved following LfHIIT in SED whilst FMD remained unaffected by LfHIIT in LEX. In conclusion, LfHIIT is effective at maintaining improvements in vascular function achieved during conditioning exercise in SED. LfHIIT is a well-tolerated and effective exercise mode for reducing cardiovascular risk and maintaining but does not improve vascular function beyond that achieved by conditioning exercise in aging men, irrespective of fitness level

Risikofaktorer for skulderskader i håndball: Hva kan være fokusområder for fysioterapeuter i forebygging av disse skadene?

Tittel: Risikofaktorer for skulderskader i håndball: Hva kan være fokusområder for fysioterapeuter i forebygging av disse skadene? Bakgrunn: Skulderskader er utbredt i håndball. Kunnskap om risikofaktorer kan benyttes av fysioterapeuter som et grunnlag for forebyggende tiltak rettet mot håndballspillere. Design: Systematisk oversikt. Hensikt: Samle eksisterende kunnskap om risikofaktorer for skulderskader i håndball for å kunne forebygge slike skader. Metode: Relevante studier ble identifisert gjennom et systematisk søk i databasene EMBASE og MedLine. Referanselistene til de inkluderte studiene ble gjennomgått. Totalt seks prospektive kohortstudier utført på elitehåndballspillere ble inkludert. Resultater: Håndballbelastning og de indre faktorene redusert styrke i utadrotasjon, skapulær dyskinesi og forstyrrelser i bevegelsesutslag i rotasjon ble identifisert som modifiserbare risikofaktorer. Å være bakspiller, offensiv spiller eller kvinne ble identifisert som ikke-modifiserbare risikofaktorer. Konklusjon: Økt håndballbelastning, redusert styrke i rotasjon, redusert skapulær kontroll og å være bakspiller eller offensiv spiller er risikofaktorer fysioterapeuter kan rette tiltak mot for å forebygge skulderskader hos håndballspillere