Moral education and 'equal freedom' : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education

For there to be any point in speaking about "moral education" there must be understanding of what it is to make moral decisions; for moral education is concerned with providing the machinery for decision-making in moral contexts. The decision-procedure which a person adopts allows him to make consistent and appropriate decisions by providing reasons which justify his moral judgement. In the first part of this thesis the argument is put forward that as morality is essentially a social phenomenon concerned with the way in which people act towards each other it must indicate what desirable behaviour is. Moral judgements, which determine what desirable behaviour is, are guided by the fact that rational men show some respect for each other as persons and have the capacity to universalise the consequences of their actions or appreciate what would occur if others acted as they do. A reasonable assumption to make in considering basic moral principles seems to be that men prefer not to be interfered with. From this assumption the Principle of Equal Freedom is derived - Each person should attribute equal value to the freedom of others as he does to his own freedom. Now in order to avoid interference where this is possible, there have to be means of establishing what other people might want or how they might act in situations where what one person does could affect what someone else can do. Sometimes we can identify ourselves with others and thus appreciate how they feel about a situation but this is not always possible nor appropriate: We therefore attempt to gauge how another is interpreting a situation, in order to gain knowledge of his thoughts and feelings concerning the situation he finds himself in. To have some knowledge of another's feelings and thoughts about a situation involving conflict of interests is essential to the understanding of the priciple of equal freedom, however the principle in itself is insufficient, because people's wants and needs vary according to other values. To operate the principle we have to take cognizance of various other principles which might be derived from it. How each person relates particular values to the principle determines his moral code, which outlines how he justifies moral decisions he makes. The second part of the thesis begins by establishing that formal education is a process which is concerned with passing on skills, ideas and values which society thinks are worthwhile. The passing on of values and how they can be interpreted as functional in guiding behaviour is the concern of moral education. Procedures to be adopted in moral education must relate to what would be considered as the criteria for success in this kind of teaching for there must be some idea of what is hoped to be achieved. The principle of equal freedom encourages understanding of others and offers a bse for the establishment of a consistent decision-procedure for making moral judgements. By introducing material which aids pupils to think about and gain understanding of the life-styles of others it is possible to help to develop the means for justifying the moral judgements which have to be made. The thesis concludes with suggestions as to how the educator might encourage understanding of others without in any way interfering with the notions of moral autonomy and freedom of choice

Planetary Nebulae in the UWISH2 Galactic Plane survey

Timothy Gledhill, D. Froebrich, 'Planetary Nebulae in the UWISH2 Galactic Plane survey', paper presented at the AU Symposium 323, Planetary nebulae: Multi-wavelength probes of stellar and galactic evolution. Beijing, China, October 10-14, 2016.UWISH2 is the first unbiassed imaging survey of v$=1-0$~S(1) molecular hydrogen emission ($\lambda=2.122~\mu$m) in the northern Galactic Plane. Here we discuss 284 extended emission line objects which we consider to be candidate planetary or pre-planetary nebulae. Some are clearly associated with known PN, but the majority (60\%) have no previous detection. We have classified the objects according to morphology and find 53\% are bipolar with half of these being new detections. The remaining objects are mostly elliptical/round (35\%), fainter than the median sample flux ($4.4\times 10^{-17}$~W~m$^{-2}$) and previously undetected (74\%)

Imaging the transition between pre-planetary and planetary nebulae: : Integral Field Spectroscopy of hot post-AGB stars with NIFS

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society following peer review. The version of record [T. M. Gledhill, and K. P. Forde, 'Imaging the transition between pre-planetary and planetary nebulae: integral field spectroscopy of hot post-AGB stars with NIFS', MNRAS, Vol. 447 (2): 1080-1095, February 2015] is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2493.We present 2 to 2.4 micron integral field spectroscopy of a sample of hot post-AGB stars with early-B spectral types, using the NIFS instrument on Gemini North. These stars are just beginning to ionize their immediate environments and turn into planetary nebulae (PNe).We use molecular hydrogen emission lines together with hydrogen and helium recombination lines to explore the distribution of molecular and atomic gas and the extent of the developing ionized region. We see a range of evolutionary stages: IRAS 18062+2410 and IRAS 18379-1707 have recently developed compact and unresolved regions of photoionized H within axisymmetric molecular envelopes, with the former object increasing its Br-Gamma flux by a factor of 5.3 in 14 years; IRAS 22023+5249 and IRAS 20462+3416 have extended Br-Gamma nebulae and in the latter object only weak H2 emission remains; IRAS 19336-0400 is at a more advanced stage of PN formation where H2 is mostly dissociated and we see structure in both the H and He recombination line nebulae. IRAS 19200+3457 is the only object not to show the He I line at 2.058 micron and is probably the least evolved object in our sample; the H2 emission forms a ring around the star and we suggest that this object may be a rare example of a "round" pre-PN in transition to a "round" PN.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Group CBT for people with schizophrenia

Individual cognitive behavioural interventions for psychosis are rapidly developing and are being shown to be effective. This paper examines the application of these interventions on a group basis. The nature of the group, treatment outcome and potential benefits of using this format are described. After the group intervention, all patients were less depressed, most had higher self-esteem and greater knowledge of schizophrenia, and half the group felt better able to cope with their symptoms. Patients reported feeling less isolated and two of the four group members stated a preference for group over individual treatment

Multiple scattering of polarized radiation by non-spherical grains: first results

We present the first numerical radiative transfer simulation of multiple light scattering in dust configurations containing aligned non-spherical (spheroidal) dust grains. Such models are especially important if one wants to explain the circular polarization of light, observed in a variety of astronomical objects. The radiative transfer problem is solved on the basis of the Monte Carlo method. Test simulations, confirming the correct numerical implementation of the scattering mechanism, are presented. As a first application, we investigate the linear and circular polarization of light coming from a spherical circumstellar shell. This shell contains perfectly aligned prolate or oblate spheroidal grains. The most remarkable features of the simulated linear polarization maps are so-called polarization null points where the reversal of polarization occurs. They appear in the case when the grain alignment axis is perpendicular to the line of sight. The maps of circular polarization have a sector-like structure with maxima at the ends of lines inclined to the grain alignment axis by \pm 45\degr.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, accepted by A&

Occurrence of 'Antrobathynella stammeri' (Jakobi, 1954) (Crustacea: Syncarida: Bathynellidae) in the hyporheic zones of two English karst rivers

This paper reports the first records of Antrobathynella stammeri in the British Isles since 1985. Numerous individuals were observed in hyporheic water extracted from the River Skirfare (Yorkshire, UK), whilst, in an independent study, a single confirmed specimen was recorded from hyporheic water pumped from the River Lathkill (Derbyshire, UK). The latter observation is the first record of the superorder Syncarida in the Peak District and provides an important geographical link between previously recorded individuals in Scotland and north-west England and records from the south of England. These records suggest that bathynellids may be more abundant in the UK than previously thought, highlighting the need for more effective sampling of subterranean habitats to determine the conservation status of such rarely seen species

Mid-Infrared Imaging and Modelling of the Dust Shell around Post-AGB star HD 187885 (IRAS 19500-1709)

We present 10 and 20 micron images of IRAS 19500-1709 taken with the mid-infrared camera, OSCIR, mounted on the Gemini North Telescope. We use a 2-D dust radiation transport code to fit the spectral energy distribution from UV to sub-mm wavelengths and to simulate the images.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. To appear in "Asymmetric Planetary Nebulae III", eds. M.Meixner, J.Kastner, N.Soker & B.Balick. 2004, ASP Conference Serie

Performance of an Echo Canceller and Channel Estimator for On-Channel Repeaters in DVB-T/H Networks

This paper investigates the design and performance of an FIR echo canceller for on-channel repeaters in DVB-T/H network within the framework of the PLUTO project. The possible approaches for echo cancellation are briefly reviewed and the main guidelines for the design of such systems are presented. The main system parameters are discussed. The performance of an FIR echo canceller based on an open loop feedforward approach for channel estimation is tested for different radio channel conditions and for different number of taps of the FIR filter. It is shown that a minimum number of taps is recommended to achieve a certain mean rejection ratio or isolation depending on the type of channel. The expected degradation in performance due to the use of fixed point rather than floating point arithmetic in hardware implementation is presented for different number of bits. Channel estimation based on training sequences is investigated. The performance of Maximum Length Sequences and Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation (CAZAC) Sequences is compared for different channels. Recommendations are given for training sequence type, length and level for DVB-T/H on-channel repeater deployment