Radikalisering av etnisk vesteuropeiske konvertitter til islam post 11. september 2001. En komparativ studie av mulige årsaksmekanismer med strategiske implikasjoner for antiradikaliseringsarbeidet

Denne oppgaven tar utgangspunkt i en hypotese om at marginalisering og traumatiske livshendelser på et personlig plan, og påfølgende opprørstrang, går forut for og frembringer radikalisering av etnisk vesteuropeiske konvertitter til islam etter årtusenskiftet. Hypotesen er fremtredende i forskningsfronten, men samtidig i liten grad testet. Hypotesen får bare delvis støtte. Bekjentskaper, samt interaksjon med islamistiske ideologer og nettverk, ser gjennomgående ut til å ha større betydning for radikaliseringen enn trekk ved studerte enheter selv eller deres livssituasjon. Tross feilkildene som hefter ved valgte forskningsdesign, er funnene såpass robuste at de gir grunnlag for en nyansering av bildet visse teoretikere tegner av radikaliserte, etnisk vesteuropeiske konvertitter til islam som marginaliserte og opprørske tapere . Tilsvarende er det belegg for justeringer av relevante antiradikaliseringstiltak. Det er også formulert en hypotese om at elementer i global islamistisk ideologi inngår i radikaliserte, etnisk vesteuropeiske konvertitters motivasjon for troverdige trusler om, planlagte eller faktisk gjennomførte terrorangrep mot vestlige mål etter årtusenskiftet. Hypotesen får støtte. Et hovedpoeng i oppgaven er at vesteuropeiske stater ikke vil lykkes med å håndtere trusselen fra globalt orienterte militante islamister, herunder radikaliserte, etnisk vesteuropeiske konvertitter til islam, med mindre statene utarbeider en motstrategi som tar høyde for tankesettet og strategien bak global jihad. Med utgangspunkt i islamistisk originallitteratur skisseres seks overordnede prinsipper for antiradikaliseringsdelen av vesteuropeiske staters motstrategi. Det argumenteres spesielt for at antiradikaliseringsarbeidet må adressere det faktum at spredning av islamistisk ideologi, såkalt dawa, er et bærende og selvstendig element i globalt orienterte militante islamisters strategi

Correction to “Elastic wave speeds and moduli in polycrystalline ice Ih, sI methane hydrate, and sII methane-ethane hydrate”

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (2009): B04299, doi:10.1029/2009JB006451

Adgangen til å registrere stedsbetegnelser som varemerker i lys av forbudene mot beskrivende og villedende varemerker

Oppgaven behandler adgangen til å registrere stedsbetegnelser som varemerker i lys av forbudene mot beskrivende og villedende varemerker. Hovedfokuset for avhandlingen er å analysere hvilke muligheter og begrensninger varemerkeretten gir for registrering stedsnavn som varemerker, og hvilke hensyn som gjør seg særlig gjeldende i denne prosessen.MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJURMAJUR-

Large Inter-individual Differences in Responses to a Block of High Intensity Aerobic Interval Training: a Case Series in National-level Cyclists and Triathletes

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 480-487, 2020. The aim was to investigate individual responses on VO2maxand performance to a block of high intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT) in national-level endurance athletes. METHODS: National-level cyclists and triathletes (five men and two women, 31 ± 3.3 years, VO2max65.1 ± 3.3 ml·kg-1·min-1) conducted 14 HIIT sessions (4x4 min uphill running at 90-95% maximal heart rate) in nine days during preseason. VO2maxin running and cycling, lactate threshold (LT) in cycling, oxygen cost of cycling (CC), and a cycling time-trial (TT) were tested two days pre and seven days post intervention. Feasibility was determined using attendance rates, adherence (defined as completing all sessions), and reported adverse events. RESULTS: The results showed that adherence was 100% with 100% attendance rate. No adverse events were reported. TT (-75.6 ± 50.8 seconds, p\u3c 0.0001)but not VO2maxcycling (-0.2 ± 4.6 ml×kg-1×min-1, p= 0.53) or running (0.2 ± 1.2ml×kg-1×min-1, p= 0.85) was improved on group level. The individual responses varied from -8.2% to +14.5% change in VO2max, and -7.5% to +0.8% in TT. CONCLUSIONS: The large inter-individual differences in responses call for tailor-making HIIT blocks, mapping of biomarkers to avoid overtraining, and studying the effects of such blocks with longer follow-up than seven days

Maximal strength training enhances strength and functional performance in chronic stroke survivors

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate that maximal strength training improves muscle strength and to assess the effect of training on function, aerobic status, and quality-of-life among chronic stroke survivors. Design: Ten patients acted as their own controls for 4 wks, before an 8-week training intervention. Patients trained 3 days/wk, with four sets of four repetitions at 85%–95% one repetition maximum in unilateral leg press and plantarflexion with an emphasis on maximal mobilization of force in the concentric phase. Results: After training, leg press strength improved by 30.6 kg (75%) and 17.8 kg (86%); plantarflexion strength improved by 35.5 kg (89%) and 28.5 kg (223%) for the unaffected and affected limbs, respectively, significantly different from the control period (all P < 0.01). The 6-min walk test improved by 13.9 m (within training period; P = 0.01), and the Timed Up and Go test time improved by 0.6 secs (within training period; P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in walking economy, peak aerobic capacity, Four-Square Step Test, or health-related quality-of-life after training. Conclusions: Maximal strength training improved muscle strength in the most affected as well as in the nonaffected leg and improved Timed-Up-And-Go time and 6-min walk distance but did not alter Four-Step Square Test time, aerobic status, or quality-of-life among chronic stroke survivors

Heat tolerance during uncompensable heat stress in men and women wearing firefighter personal protective equipment

Firefighters run a risk of heat strain during occupational tasks. The number of female firefighters has been increasing, but research relevant to this group is still scarce. We aimed to investigate whether there are any sex differences in heat tolerance or physiological responses during uncompensable heat stress while wearing firefighter personal protective equipment. Twelve female (28 ± 7 years, 66 ± 5 kg, 51.7 ± 4.7 mL kg−1 min−1) and 12 male (27 ± 7 years, 83 ± 8 kg, 58.8 ± 7.5 mL kg−1 min−1) participants performed walking (maximum of 60 min) at 6W·kg−1, 40 °C, and 14% relative humidity. No differences were observed between groups in heat tolerance, rectal temperature, heart rate, percent body mass loss, thermal sensation, and rate of perceived exertion. Thus, when personnel are selected using gender-neutral physical employment standards, sex is not an independent factor influencing heat tolerance when wearing firefighter personal protective equipment during uncompensable heat stress.publishedVersio

Physiological Profile of Male Competitive and Recreational Surfers

Surfing consists of both high- and low-intensity paddling of varying durations, using both the aerobic and anaerobic systems. Surf-specific physiological studies lack adequate group sample sizes, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak values are yet to determine the differences between competitive and recreational surfers. The purpose of this study was therefore to provide a comprehensive physiological profile of both recreational and competitive surfers. This multisite study involved 62 male surfers, recreational (n = 47) and competitive (n = 15). Anthropometric measurements were conducted followed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, anaerobic testing and finally aerobic testing. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak was significantly greater in competitive surfers than in recreational surfers (M = 40.71 ± 3.28 vs. 31.25 ± 6.31 ml·kg·min, p \u3c 0.001). This was also paralleled for anaerobic power (M = 303.93 vs. 264.58 W) for competitive surfers. Arm span and lean total muscle mass was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) correlated with key performance variables (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and anaerobic power). No significant (p ≥ 0.05) correlations were revealed between season rank and each of the variables of interest (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and anaerobic power). Key performance variables (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and anaerobic power) are significantly higher in competitive surfers, indicating that this is both an adaptation and requirement in this cohort. This battery of physiological tests could be used as a screening tool to identify an athlete\u27s weaknesses or strengths. Coaches and clinicians could then select appropriate training regimes to address weaknesses

Neuromuscular performance of paretic versus non-paretic plantar flexors after stroke.

The objective of this study was to compare the neuromuscular function of the paretic and non-paretic plantar flexors (i.e. soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, lateralis) in chronic stroke patients. It was hypothesized that the contractile rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation, assessed by electromyogram (EMG) and V-waves normalized to the M-wave, and voluntary activation (twitch interpolation) would be reduced during plantar flexor maximum voluntary isometric contraction and that the evoked muscle twitch properties would be reduced in the paretic limb. Ten chronic stroke survivors completed the study. The main findings were that the paretic side showed deteriorated function compared to the non-paretic leg in terms of (1) RFD in all analyzed time windows from force onset to 250 ms, although relative RFD (i.e. normalized to maximum voluntary force) was similar; (2) fast neural activation (for most analyzed time windows), assessed by EMG activity in time windows from EMG onset to 250 ms; (3) V-wave responses (except for gastrocnemius medialis); (4) voluntary activation; (5) the evoked peak twitch force, although there was no evidence of intrinsic muscle slowing; (6) EMG activity obtained at maximal voluntary force. In conclusion, this study demonstrates considerable neuromuscular asymmetry of the plantar flexors in chronic stroke survivors. Effective rehabilitation regimes should be investigated