Effects of the U.S. Veterinary Feed Directive Final Rule on the Prevalence of Violative Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animal Products

Antibiotic-resistant is a public health concern. The dissertation objective was to assess the effect of the implementation of the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rule changes on the prevalence of violative antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food-animal tissues, retail meats, and cecal samples from food animals compared to the pre-VFD rule change period in the U.S. To understand the effect of implemented VFD rule changes on violative antibiotic residues in food-animal tissues, inspector-generated sampling (IGS) data from the U.S. National Residue Surveillance Program (NRP) was analyzed. An important observation was that implementing VFD rule changes was associated with the decreased prevalence of violative sulfonamide and penicillin residues in food-animal tissues. However, implementing VFD rule changes did not significantly affect the prevalence of violative tetracycline residues in tissues. To further understand the effect of the VFD rule changes, retail meat surveillance data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) was analyzed. The results indicated that implementing VFD rule changes significantly reduced the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter and Escherichia in chicken and turkey meats. However, the study did not observe a significant effect on tetracycline-resistant Salmonella and Escherichia prevalence in beef and pork. To expand understandings of the effects of the VFD rule changes, cecal samples collected from food animals’ surveillance data in NARMS were analyzed. The results indicated that implementing VFD rule changes significantly reduced the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia in cecal samples of chickens and turkey, and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter in cecal samples of chickens. However, the study revealed that implementing VFD rule changes significantly increased tetracycline-resistant Escherichia in cecal samples of swine and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter in cecal samples of cattle. In conclusion, implementing VFD rule changes significantly related to reducing the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in meats and cecal samples of chickens and turkeys. Conversely, the implementation of VFD rule changes did not impact the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria in meats and cecal samples of cattle and swine, suggesting a potential surge in usage of injectable tetracycline, which is evident from the lack of reduction in the violative tetracycline residues in food animal tissues that should be further investigated

A Systematic Approach to English to Bangla Sentence Translator

This paper deals with the design and development of an expert sentence translation system. In this translator, the source language is English, and the target language is Bangla. The implemented translation system determines the relationship among different forms of English and Bengali sentences and makes appropriate correspondence between English and Bengali grammar. Here, we have been developing a top-down parsing program. The system incorporates itself with the dictionary and gives the corresponding Bengali meaning. The system performs translation procedure in three steps. The lexical analyzer reads the English sentence, tokenizes into words, and stores information into a stack. The lexical analyzer uses the English to Bangla dictionary and word morphology for finding lexical information. The parser parses the input sentence and identifies the types of it and finds tense, phrase, clauses, etc. The generator generates a Bangla sentence, which is equivalent to the given input English sentence. It uses the output of the lexical analyzer and the parser to make Bengali sentence. This system can translate all kinds of sentences. But the limitation is that it cannot handle semantic and contextual problem

Fake News Detection: Covid-19 Perspective

The development of social media has con- tributed to a remarkable rise in the spread of fake news. Today people rely more on online news outlets. The chance of receiving fake news on an online platform is high. As we went through a pandemic and the Covid-19 was the most absorbing topic of 2020, much news on Covid-19 was published every day in traditional media and social media. Among that news, some are fake. In this work, we have collected a new dataset for detecting fake news from traditional media on Covid-19. We have gathered more than 3000 pieces of news from traditional media out of the 170 are fake ones that were collected from fact-checking sites. Then we have tested the existing four classification algorithms with our dataset using Count Vectorizer and TF-IDF. We have merged 170 fake news with four scales of true news and analyzed the outcome

Assessment of the Level and Health Risk of Fluoride and Heavy Metals in Commercial Toothpastes in Bangladesh

Toothpaste is one of the daily essentials, and good quality control practices over it are very important to protect the oral public health from adverse effects. The current study aimed to assess the concentration of fluoride and heavy metals, physicochemical properties in ten different toothpaste samples in Bangladesh, followed by related health risk analysis. pH, moisture content, F–, As, Cu, Pb contents were measured by membrane electrode, thermogravimetric, SPADNS, HG-AAS, flame-AAS methods, respectively. The results were compared to the specification of the packet and Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) standard. The physicochemical properties well-matched the formulation standard values. The moisture content was 27.18 ± 2.20 to 52.10 ± 5.01%, with 50% of the samples in permissible limit but the pH of all the samples (6.40-8.60) was within the standard limit. Available F–, Cu, Pb, and As content ranged from 803–1617, 2.78–13.10, 0.27–2.12, and 0.027–0.637 mg/Kg, respectively. F– content in 80% toothpaste did not meet the packet specification and was higher than BSTI standard, though heavy metals were within the BSTI limit. Hazard quotient (HQ) and HI (Hazard Index) analysis revealed that toothpaste safe from heavy metal related to health risk

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  μb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ΣETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∼0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ΣETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∼π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ΣETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ΣETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁡2Δϕ modulation for all ΣETPb ranges and particle pT

Search for pair-produced long-lived neutral particles decaying to jets in the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter in ppcollisions at √s=8TeV

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is used to search for the decay of a scalar boson to a pair of long-lived particles, neutral under the Standard Model gauge group, in 20.3fb−1of data collected in proton–proton collisions at √s=8TeV. This search is sensitive to long-lived particles that decay to Standard Model particles producing jets at the outer edge of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter or inside the hadronic calorimeter. No significant excess of events is observed. Limits are reported on the product of the scalar boson production cross section times branching ratio into long-lived neutral particles as a function of the proper lifetime of the particles. Limits are reported for boson masses from 100 GeVto 900 GeV, and a long-lived neutral particle mass from 10 GeVto 150 GeV

Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in sqrt(s) =7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for new phenomena in final states with four or more leptons (electrons or muons) is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of $\sqrt{s}=7\;\mathrm{TeV}$ proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in two signal regions: one that requires moderate values of missing transverse momentum and another that requires large effective mass. The results are interpreted in a simplified model of R-parity-violating supersymmetry in which a 95% CL exclusion region is set for charged wino masses up to 540 GeV. In an R-parity-violating MSUGRA/CMSSM model, values of m 1/2 up to 820 GeV are excluded for 10 < tan β < 40