Comparative Analysis of the Viewpoints of the Usulis and Sunni and Shi’ite Commentators on Exegesis of the Most Important Verses about the Principle of Bira’at

Analysis of the arguments for Bira’at (presumption of innocence) -as one of the most fundamental principles among Shi’ite Usulis (the majority Twelver Shi’ite Muslim group)- is immensely important; and some Usulis have made reference to the verses in the Qur’an to prove this presumption. This article aims to mention the most important Qur'anic verses on the principle of Bira’at such as Surah al-Isra: 15, Surah at-Talaq: 7, Surah al-Anfal: 42; and then to compare the Usulis and Shi’ite and Sunni commentators’ viewpoints in order to determine their commonalities and differences. The Usulis have two perspectives on the given verses. One perspective denotes that those verses imply presumption of innocence and another does not so. Given the first verse (Surah al-Isra: 15), Sunni exegeses mostly point to the difference between religious and rational Bira’at. Moreover, in Twelver exegeses there are perspectives like those of Usulis. Shi’ite and Sunni commentators perceive the second verse (Surah at-Talaq:7) as the negation of unbearable duty from God, and have pointed to some instances of unbearable duties such as Infaq (charity) more than one can afford, insight without having its requirement and so on. These exegeses are compatible with the interpretation of the verse denoting ban on every unbearable duty. Many commentators of both denominations have interpreted the third verse (al-Anfal: 41) with regard to its occasion of revelation (asbab al-Nuzul). Usuli verses have undergone changes and transformations through history. Since Sunni and Shi’ite commentators as well as Usuli scholars in both Islamic jurisprudent denominations have much commonality on the given verses, so comparative analysis of their views can contribute to the convergence and affinity between Fiqh principles and exegesis

Interventions for hyperhidrosis in secondary care : a systematic review and value-of-information analysis

Background: Hyperhidrosis is uncontrollable excessive sweating that occurs at rest, regardless of temperature. The symptoms of hyperhidrosis can significantly affect quality of life. The management of hyperhidrosis is uncertain and variable. Objective: To establish the expected value of undertaking additional research to determine the most effective interventions for the management of refractory primary hyperhidrosis in secondary care. Methods: A systematic review and economic model, including a value-of-information (VOI) analysis. Treatments to be prescribed by dermatologists and minor surgical treatments for hyperhidrosis of the hands, feet and axillae were reviewed; as endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is incontestably an end-of-line treatment, it was not reviewed further. Fifteen databases (e.g. CENTRAL, PubMed and PsycINFO), conference proceedings and trial registers were searched from inception to July 2016. Systematic review methods were followed. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted for comparisons between botulinum toxin (BTX) injections and placebo for axillary hyperhidrosis, but otherwise, owing to evidence limitations, data were synthesised narratively. A decision-analytic model assessed the cost-effectiveness and VOI of five treatments (iontophoresis, medication, BTX, curettage, ETS) in 64 different sequences for axillary hyperhidrosis only. Results and conclusions: Fifty studies were included in the effectiveness review: 32 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 17 non-RCTs and one large prospective case series. Most studies were small, rated as having a high risk of bias and poorly reported. The interventions assessed in the review were iontophoresis, BTX, anticholinergic medications, curettage and newer energy-based technologies that damage the sweat gland (e.g. laser, microwave). There is moderate-quality evidence of a large statistically significant effect of BTX on axillary hyperhidrosis symptoms, compared with placebo. There was weak but consistent evidence for iontophoresis for palmar hyperhidrosis. Evidence for other interventions was of low or very low quality. For axillary hyperhidrosis cost-effectiveness results indicated that iontophoresis, BTX, medication, curettage and ETS was the most cost-effective sequence (probability 0.8), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £9304 per quality-adjusted life-year. Uncertainty associated with study bias was not reflected in the economic results. Patients and clinicians attending an end-of-project workshop were satisfied with the sequence of treatments for axillary hyperhidrosis identified as being cost-effective. All patient advisors considered that the Hyperhidrosis Quality of Life Index was superior to other tools commonly used in hyperhidrosis research for assessing quality of life. Limitations: The evidence for the clinical effectiveness and safety of second-line treatments for primary hyperhidrosis is limited. This meant that there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for most interventions assessed and the cost-effectiveness analysis was restricted to hyperhidrosis of the axilla. Future work: Based on anecdotal evidence and inference from evidence for the axillae, participants agreed that a trial of BTX (with anaesthesia) compared with iontophoresis for palmar hyperhidrosis would be most useful. The VOI analysis indicates that further research into the effectiveness of existing medications might be worthwhile, but it is unclear that such trials are of clinical importance. Research that established a robust estimate of the annual incidence of axillary hyperhidrosis in the UK population would reduce the uncertainty in future VOI analyses

A metastatic cancer to skin in an otherwise asymptomatic young man: an unusual presentation

Cutaneous metastasis is a rare complication of visceral malignancies. We present a very unusual case of a 33 year-old seemingly healthy man with a sudden and rapidly enlarging skin lesion that was diagnosed as a skin metastasis of his visceral malignancy. Abdominopelvic CT scan revealed thickening of the anterior wall of the urinary bladder and the fundus and body of the stomach. Skin biopsy histopathological findings were suggestive of poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma. The origin of the primary carcinoma was bladder adenocarcinoma or/and gastric adenocarcinoma, but the tumor was so poorly differentiated that the original source of the tumor could not be defined with certainty

Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

We sought to determine the prevalence and nature of sweating disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and investigated their correlation with other clinical features and with Quality of Life (QoL) measures. A questionnaire on symptoms and consequences of sweating dysfunction was completed by 77 consecutive outpatients, from three movement disorder clinics, and 40 controls. QoL was assessed using the disease-specific Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ)-39 and generic EuroQoL (EQ)-5D rating scales. Patients also underwent a clinical examination, including assessment with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Hoehn and Yahr staging system. Sweating disturbances, either hypohidrosis or in particular, hyperhidrosis, were reported by 64% of patients and by 12.5% of controls (P &lt;0.005) and were often localised or asymmetric. Complaints of sweating disturbances were not correlated with disease severity, but did correlate with other symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. Sweating problems occurred predominantly in off periods and in on periods with dyskinesias. Sweating disturbances were not correlated with overall QoL scores, but we did observe a significant correlation with the pain dimension of the PDQ-39 and the visual analogue scale of the EQ-5D. Furthermore, many patients reported physical, social, and emotional impairment due to sweating. Sweating disturbances are common and distressing symptoms of PD that are related mainly to autonomic dysfunction, off periods, and dyskinesias. (C) 2003 Movement Disorder Society.</p