Geçmişten günümüze Karabağ tarihi üzerine bir değerlendirme

After initiation of the glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) policies in the USSR by Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union started to crumble, and old, forgotten, suppressed problems especially regarding territorial claims between Azerbaijanis and Armenians re-emerged. Although Mountainous (Nagorno) Karabakh is officially part of Azerbaijan Republic, after fierce and bloody clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, the entire Nagorno Karabakh region and seven additional surrounding districts of Lachin, Kelbajar, Agdam, Jabrail, Fizuli, Khubadly and Zengilan, it means over 20 per cent of Azerbaijan, were occupied by Armenians, and because of serious war situations, many Azerbaijanis living in these areas had to migrate from their homeland to Azerbaijan and have been living under miserable conditions since the early 1990s.                                                                                                                      Mihail Gorbaçov tarafından başlatılan glasnost (açıklık) ve perestroyka (yeniden inşa) politikalarından sonra Sovyetler Birliği parçalanma sürecine girdi ve birlik coğrafyasındaki unutulmuş ve bastırılmış olan eski problemler, özellikle Azerbaycan Türkleri ve Ermeniler arasındaki sınır sorunları yeniden gün yüzüne çıktı. Bu bağlamda, hukuken Azerbaycan devletinin bir parçası olan Dağlık Karabağ bölgesi ve çevresindeki Laçin, Kelbecer, Cebrail, Agdam, Fizuli, Zengilan ve Kubatlı gibi yedi semt, yani yaklaşık olarak Azerbaycan’ın yüzde yirmiye yakın toprağı, her iki toplum arasındaki şiddetli ve kanlı çarpışmalardan sonra Ermeniler tarafından işgal edildi. Ayrıca, olumsuz savaş şartları nedeniyle, binlerce Azerbaycan Türkü yaşadıkları topraklardan Azerbaycan’a göç etmek zorunda kaldı ve söz konusu göçmenler hala çok kötü şartlar altında yaşamlarını sürdürmektedirler.&nbsp

Reverse Genetic Analysis of \u3cem\u3eEhd1\u3c/em\u3e for an Association between Flowering Time and Seed Dormancy in Rice (\u3cem\u3eOryza sativa\u3c/em\u3e L.)

This research aimed to understand the evolutionary mechanism of seed dormancy and flowering time and to provide basic knowledge for the manipulation of germination features in crop breeding. Flowering time and seed dormancy are two adaptive traits for flowering plants. Seed dormancy (SD) helps regulate the timing of germination to promote the survival of seed-bearing plants in adverse environments. Cereal crops and weedy/wild relatives, such as Asian cultivated rice and weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.), have weak and strong seed dormancy, respectively. Thus, weedy and cultivated rice has been used as a model system to investigate mechanisms of seed dormancy in the previous research. Flowering time (FT) determines the timing of the seed set. Both seed dormancy and flowering time may associate with each other to complete the life cycle in natural ecosystems. A cluster of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SD/FT (SD10/FT10) was identified on chromosome 10, which was responsible for an SD-FT association in rice (O. sativa L.). Fine-mapping delimited SD10/FT10 to a 200-kb region, which contains Early heading1 (Ehd1). Ehd1 encodes a Myb transcriptional factor (TF) and promotes flowering. Thus, Ehd1 could be an underlying gene of FT10. However, Ehd1 was not reported for an effect on SD. Thus, the research was conducted to determine if Ehd1 is an underlying gene for the QTL FT10 only or both FT10 and SD10. The first objective of this research was to evaluate RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated effects of Ehd1 on FT and SD in generations of transgenic lines. An Ehd1-RNAi construct was used to transform the cultivar Nippponbare (O. sativa, ssp. Japonica), and then introduced into the genetic background of EM93-1 (O. sativa, ssp. indica), the donor of the flowering-promoting allele at FT10/SD10 or Ehd1, by marker-assisted backcrossing (BC). Single plant-derived BC2F3 (selected from #14 and #47), BC2F4 and BC2F5 (selected from #81 and #84) lines were evaluated for the presence or absence of the Ehd1-RNAi transgene using Hygromycin-B testing, for time (days) from germination to flowering (DTF), and the degree of SD by standard germination testing. These generations of data demonstrated that there was one copy of the transgene segregating in the lines, silencing Ehd1 delayed flowering and also enhanced seed dormancy, and there was a negative correlation between DTF and germination percentage. These results indicate that Ehd1 has pleiotropic effects on both FT and SD. The second objective of this research was to identify genes related by Ehd1 to influences FT and SD. Quantitative trait analysis (QTL) was used to identify the possible genes in a mapping population of about 300 F2 plants from a cross between an Ehd1- RNAi transgenic line and EM93-1. The mapping population was evaluated for DTF, SD, and the resist (R) or susceptible (S) response to Hygromicyn B, and genotyped for about 50 DNA markers distributed along the 12 chromosomes. A single copy of the RNAi construct (T-DNA) was mapped to chromosome 7, and the position was flanked by markers RM295 and RM3325. Large differences in both FT and SD between the R and S groups were observed in the mapping population. Five QTL for FT and two QTL for SD were detected in the population. Both of the FT and SD QTL includes one mapped at the transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion position of the Ehd1-RNAi transgene. All these QTLs were located on chromosomes 7 or 8, but not on chromosome 10 or near Ehd1. The QTL differed in effect on FT or SD between the R and S groups. These results suggested that Ehd1 influences FT and SD at least partly by regulating expressions of genes underlying the QTL on chromosomes 7 and 8. This research provided evidence that Ehd1 has phenotypic effects on flowering time and seed dormancy, and Ehd1 also regulates expressions of some other genes to influence the SD-FT association

α\alpha-α\alpha Double Folding Cluster Potential Description of the 12^{12}C+24^{24}Mg System

We present a simultaneous analysis of the elastic scattering and fusion cross-section data of the $^{12}$C+$^{24}$Mg system around the Coulomb barrier and over energies by using the microscopic $\alpha$-$\alpha$ double folding cluster potential within the framework of the optical model and the coupled-channels formalism. The $\alpha$-$\alpha$ double folding cluster potential is obtained by using the $\alpha$-cluster distribution densities of the nuclei in the usual double folding procedure. The microscopic potential results are compared with the findings of the phenomenological deep and shallow potentials. It is subsequently shown that only phenomenological deep real, microscopic nucleon-nucleon and $\alpha$-$\alpha$ double folding cluster potentials provide a consistent description of the angular distributions and fusion cross-section data simultaneously. The effect of the inclusion of the excited states of the target nucleus $^{24}$Mg on the fusion cross-section predictions is also determined by the coupled-channels calculations, which are shown to improve the agreement.Comment: 4 pages Latex RevTex4 with 2 EPS Figures. Accepted for publications in Phys. Rev.

Asymptotic Iteration Method Solutions to the Relativistic Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau Equation

A simple exact analytical solution of the relativistic Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation within the framework of the asymptotic iteration method is presented. Exact bound state energy eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions are determined for the relativistic harmonic oscillator as well as the Coulomb potentials. As a non-trivial example, the anharmonic oscillator is solved and the energy eigenvalues are obtained within the perturbation theory using the asymptotic iteration method.Comment: 17 pages written with LaTeX Revtex4. accepted for publication in Journal of Mathematical Physic

Dynamic characteristics and fast load following of 5‐kW class tubular solid oxide fuel cell/micro‐gas turbine hybrid systems

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99053/1/er3031.pd