ADD-oireisen lapsen oppimisen tuki

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen aiheena on ADD ja siihen liittyvät tukitoimet. ADD tulee englannin kielen sanoista attention deficit disorder ja tarkoittaa ADHD:ta ilman ylivilkkautta ja impulsiivisuutta. Oireyhtymästä käytetään myös nimitystä tarkkaamattomuuspainotteinen ADHD. ADD:n ydinoireita ovat keskittymisvaikeudet sekä tarkkaavaisuuden haasteet. ADD:hen liittyy myös usein toiminnanohjauksen ongelmia. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys on rakennettu niin että tutkielmassa avataan ensiksi aihetta vastaamalla kysymykseen, mikä ADD on. Tämän jälkeen käydään läpi, miten oireet vaikuttavat koulussa oppilaan oppimiseen. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen varsinainen tutkimuskysymys pyrkii selvittämään, millaisten tukitoimien avulla ADD-oireisia oppilaita voidaan tukea koulussa. Tutkimuskysymyksen kautta tarkastellaan erityisesti ADD:n kannalta tärkeäksi koettuja tukitoimia alakoulun yleisopetuksen piirissä. Kouluissa käytetyimmät tukitoimet ADHD-oireisten tukemiseksi ovat pienryhmäopetus ja tukiopetus. Tukitoimet voivat kuitenkin tarkoittaa myös hyvin pieniä arkisia toimia kuten eriyttämistä, struktuurin luomista, tehtävien osiin pilkkomista, moniaistillisuuden lisäämistä, rutiinien luomista tai liikunnan hyödyntämistä. Lisäksi kirjallisuudessa painotetaan oppimista edistävänä asiana oppilaan itsetunnon sekä motivaation tukemista. Tukitoimien käyttö on lisääntynyt ja monipuolistunut 1960-luvulta eteenpäin. Tutkimukset kuitenkin viittaavat, että tukitoimien saatavuus on edelleen vähäistä, sillä vielä 2000-luvun puolella vain noin puolet ADHD-oireisista ovat kokeneet tukitoimet riittäviksi. Tutkielman erityisenä tavoitteena on lisätä opettajien ja muiden kasvattajien tietämystä ADD:sta, sekä tarjota konkreettisia keinoja ADD-oireisten kanssa työskentelemiseen

Mielen teorian kuvaaminen Varhaiskasvatuksen perusteet 2018 -asiakirjassa

Tiivistelmä. Mielen teoria on käsite, jolla kuvataan tietoisuutta omista ja toisen ihmisen havainnoista, ajatuksista ja tunteista. Käsite on käytössä psykologiassa ja logopediassa. Tässä työssä mielen teoriaa tarkastellaan itseen ja toiseen kohdistuvana sekä tunteiden ja ajattelun tiedostamisena. Työn teoriataustassa tarkastellaan mielen teorian käsitettä ja sen kehittymistä lapsuudessa, ja todetaan myös mielen teoriaan liittyvän kielen merkitys. Mielen teoriaa verrataan kasvatustieteen käsitteisiin tunnetaidot ja sosiaaliset taidot. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella mielen teorian ilmenemistä varhaiskasvatuksessa, jota edustamaan on valittu varhaiskasvatuksen toteuttamista ohjaava asiakirja, Varhaiskasvatuksen perusteet 2018. Se on suomalaisen varhaiskasvatuksen arvoja, toimintakulttuuria ja tavoitteita määrittelevä asiakirja. Tässä tutkimuksessa on tehty siihen teorialähtöinen sisällönanalyysi. Analyysiä varten on tiivistäen poimittu tunteisiin ja ajatteluun viittaavia ilmauksia ja verrattu niitä mielen teoriaan. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on havainto, että mielen teoriaan suoraan tai epäsuorasti liitettäviä ilmauksia esiintyy varhaiskasvatuksen perusteissa runsaasti. Lisäksi kognitioita ja tunteita kuvataan ilman yhteyttä niiden tiedostamiseen. Analyysiluokkien ulkopuolisista havainnoista muodostui sosiaalisuuteen tai vuorovaikutukseen viittaavat ilmaukset ja yleiset ilmaukset, jotka liittyivät toiminnan tai tavoitteiden kuvaukseen. Tutkimusaineistosta nousi esille myös havainto, että tunteista puhutaan yleisellä tasolla tai mainiten ainoastaan positiivisia tunteita. Luotettavuuden tarkastelussa on huomioitu ilmausten tulkinnanvaraisuus. Johtopäätöksenä työssä todetaan, että Varhaiskasvatuksen perusteet-asiakirja ohjaa mielen teorian tukemiseen, mutta että varhaiskasvatuksen henkilöstön osaaminen ratkaisee, hyödynnetäänkö tilaisuudet. Pohdinnassa tuodaan esille tunteiden ja ajattelun monipuolisen käsittelyn tärkeyttä, jotta tunnetaidot ja vuorovaikutus kehittyvät

Fragment- and negative image-based screening of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors

A novel virtual screening methodology called fragment- and negative image-based (F-NiB) screening is introduced and tested experimentally using phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) as a case study. Potent PDE10A-specific small-molecule inhibitors are actively sought after for their antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects. The F-NiB combines features from both fragment-based drug discovery and negative image-based (NIB) screening methodologies to facilitate rational drug discovery. The selected structural parts of protein-bound ligand(s) are seamlessly combined with the negative image of the target's ligand-binding cavity. This cavity- and fragment-based hybrid model, namely its shape and electrostatics, is used directly in the rigid docking of ab initio generated ligand 3D conformers. In total, 14 compounds were acquired using the F-NiB methodology, 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling, and pharmacophore modeling. Three of the small molecules inhibited PDE10A at similar to 27 to similar to 67 mu M range in a radiometric assay. In a larger context, the study shows that the F-NiB provides a flexible way to incorporate small-molecule fragments into the drug discovery

Cardiac steatosis associates with visceral obesity in nondiabetic obese men.

Background: Liver fat and visceral adiposity are involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Ectopic fat accumulation within and around the heart has been related to increased risk of heart disease. The aim of this study was to explore components of cardiac steatosis and their relationship to intra-abdominal ectopic fat deposits and cardiometabolic risk factors in nondiabetic obese men. Methods: Myocardial and hepatic triglyceride (TG) contents were measured with 1.5 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and visceral adipose (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous tissue (SAT), epicardial and pericardial fat by magnetic resonance imaging in 37 men with the MetS and in 40 men without the MetS. Results: Myocardial and hepatic TG contents, VAT, SAT, epicardial fat volumes, and pericardial fat volumes were higher in men with the MetS compared with subjects without the MetS (P < .001). All components of cardiac steatosis correlated with SAT, VAT, and hepatic TG content and the correlations seemed to be strongest with VAT. Myocardial TG content, epicardial fat, pericardial fat, VAT, and hepatic TG content correlated with waist circumference, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol TGs, very low-density lipoprotein-1 TGs, and the insulin-resistance homeostasis model assessment index. VAT was a predictor of TGs, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and measures of glucose metabolism, whereas age and SAT were determinants of blood pressure parameters. Conclusions: We suggest that visceral obesity is the best predictor of epicardial and pericardial fat in abdominally obese subjects. Myocardial TG content may present a separate entity that is influenced by factors beyond visceral adiposity

Choice Architecture Cueing to Healthier Dietary Choices and Physical Activity at the Workplace:Implementation and Feasibility Evaluation

Redesigning choice environments appears a promising approach to encourage healthier eating and physical activity, but little evidence exists of the feasibility of this approach in real-world settings. The aim of this paper is to portray the implementation and feasibility assessment of a 12-month mixed-methods intervention study, StopDia at Work, targeting the environment of 53 diverse worksites. The intervention was conducted within a type 2 diabetes prevention study, StopDia. We assessed feasibility through the fidelity, facilitators and barriers, and maintenance of implementation, building on implementer interviews (n = 61 informants) and observations of the worksites at six (t1) and twelve months (t2). We analysed quantitative data with Kruskall–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests and qualitative data with content analysis. Intervention sites altogether implemented 23 various choice architectural strategies (median 3, range 0–14 strategies/site), employing 21 behaviour change mechanisms. Quantitative analysis found implementation was successful in 66%, imperfect in 25%, and failed in 9% of evaluated cases. These ratings were independent of the ease of implementation of applied strategies and reminders that implementers received. Researchers’ assistance in intervention launch (p = 0.02) and direct contact to intervention sites (p < 0.001) predicted higher fidelity at t1, but not at t2. Qualitative content analysis identified facilitators and barriers related to the organisation, intervention, worksite environment, implementer, and user. Contributors of successful implementation included apt implementers, sufficient implementer training, careful planning, integration into worksite values and activities, and management support. After the study, 49% of the worksites intended to maintain the implementation in some form. Overall, the choice architecture approach seems suitable for workplace health promotion, but a range of practicalities warrant consideration while designing real-world implementation

Characterization of different fat depots in NAFLD using inflammation-associated proteome, lipidome and metabolome

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, accompanied with excessive fat accumulation in the liver and other vital organs. Ectopic fat accumulation was previously associated with negative effects at the systemic and local level in the human body. Thus, we aimed to identify and assess the predictive capability of novel potential metabolic biomarkers for ectopic fat depots in non-diabetic men with NAFLD, using the inflammation-associated proteome, lipidome and metabolome. Myocardial and hepatic triglycerides were measured with magnetic spectroscopy while function of left ventricle, pericardial and epicardial fat, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Measured ectopic fat depots were profiled and predicted using a Random Forest algorithm, and by estimating the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. We have identified distinct metabolic signatures of fat depots in the liver (TAG50:1, glutamate, diSM18:0 and CE20:3), pericardium (N-palmitoyl-sphinganine, HGF, diSM18:0, glutamate, and TNFSF14), epicardium (sphingomyelin, CE20:3, PC38:3 and TNFSF14), and myocardium (CE20:3, LAPTGF-beta 1, glutamate and glucose). Our analyses highlighted non-invasive biomarkers that accurately predict ectopic fat depots, and reflect their distinct metabolic signatures in subjects with NAFLD.Peer reviewe

Dynamics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over two middle-latitude rural sites with Doppler lidar

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) over two middle-latitude rural sites was characterized in terms of mean horizontal wind and turbulence sources using a standard classification methodology based on Doppler lidar. The first location was an irrigated olive orchard in ubeda (Southern Spain), representing one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean basin and a typical site with Mediterranean climate. The second location was PolWET peatland site in Rzecin (Northwestern Poland), representing one of the largest natural terrestrial carbon storages that have a strong interaction with the climate system. The results showed typical situations for non cloud-topped ABL cases, where ABL is fully developed during daytime due to convection, with high turbulent activity and strong positive skewness indicating frequent and powerful updrafts. The cloud-topped cases showed the strong influence that clouds can have on ABL development, preventing it to reach the same maximum height and introducing top-down movements as an important contribution to mixing. The statistical analysis of turbulent sources allowed for finding a common diurnal cycle for convective mixing at both sites, but nocturnal wind shear driven turbulence with marked differences in its vertical distribution. This analysis demonstrates the Doppler lidar measurements and the classification algorithm strong potential to characterize the dynamics of ABL in its full extent and with high temporal resolution. Moreover, some recommendations for future improvement of the classification algorithm were provided on the basis of the experience gained.Peer reviewe

Cardiac steatosis and left ventricular function in men with metabolic syndrome

Peer reviewe

<i>Gaia</i> Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties

Context. At about 1000 days after the launch of Gaia we present the first Gaia data release, Gaia DR1, consisting of astrometry and photometry for over 1 billion sources brighter than magnitude 20.7. Aims. A summary of Gaia DR1 is presented along with illustrations of the scientific quality of the data, followed by a discussion of the limitations due to the preliminary nature of this release. Methods. The raw data collected by Gaia during the first 14 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) and turned into an astrometric and photometric catalogue. Results. Gaia DR1 consists of three components: a primary astrometric data set which contains the positions, parallaxes, and mean proper motions for about 2 million of the brightest stars in common with the HIPPARCOS and Tycho-2 catalogues – a realisation of the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) – and a secondary astrometric data set containing the positions for an additional 1.1 billion sources. The second component is the photometric data set, consisting of mean G-band magnitudes for all sources. The G-band light curves and the characteristics of ∼3000 Cepheid and RR-Lyrae stars, observed at high cadence around the south ecliptic pole, form the third component. For the primary astrometric data set the typical uncertainty is about 0.3 mas for the positions and parallaxes, and about 1 mas yr−1 for the proper motions. A systematic component of ∼0.3 mas should be added to the parallax uncertainties. For the subset of ∼94 000 HIPPARCOS stars in the primary data set, the proper motions are much more precise at about 0.06 mas yr−1. For the secondary astrometric data set, the typical uncertainty of the positions is ∼10 mas. The median uncertainties on the mean G-band magnitudes range from the mmag level to ∼0.03 mag over the magnitude range 5 to 20.7. Conclusions. Gaia DR1 is an important milestone ahead of the next Gaia data release, which will feature five-parameter astrometry for all sources. Extensive validation shows that Gaia DR1 represents a major advance in the mapping of the heavens and the availability of basic stellar data that underpin observational astrophysics. Nevertheless, the very preliminary nature of this first Gaia data release does lead to a number of important limitations to the data quality which should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions from the data