Wood anatomy of nine species from a tropical deciduous forest in Sierra del Tentzo, Puebla, Mexico

Antecedentes y Objetivos: En México solo existen dos publicaciones referentes a la madera de plantas distribuidas en selva baja caducifolia. En Puebla, este tipo de vegetación ocupa el segundo lugar en extensión geográfica. Sin embargo, no se han analizado especies típicas de esta zona. Por ello, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron describir la anatomía de la madera de Berberis moranensis, Bursera fagaroides, B. morelense, Cascabela ovata, Critoniopsis uniflora, Fouquieria formosa, Ipomoea murucoides, Karwinskia humboldtiana y Lycianthes sp., taxones característicos de la Sierra del Tentzo, comparar estadísticamente las maderas; así como identificar si los caracteres son suficientes para diferenciarlas a nivel intra e interespecífico y determinar semejanzas con organismos congéneres estudiados en otras regiones. Métodos: Se colectaron muestras de madera de tres individuos por especie en el área de estudio. Las maderas fueron procesadas con técnicas histológicas convencionales para obtener datos anatómicos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se evaluó si existen diferencias intra e interespecíficas mediante un análisis glm, también fue realizado un análisis discriminante lineal, para determinar qué caracteres permiten diferenciar a las especies y uno de conglomerado para agruparlas con organismos congéneres, descritos en publicaciones previas. Resultados clave: Los caracteres cualitativos de vasos, fibras y parénquima corresponden con descripciones previas; encontrando diferencias interespecíficas en el diámetro de las punteaduras, pared de vasos y fibras, así como ancho de radios y diámetro de vasos, que son las variables más importantes para discriminar entre taxones. Las especies mexicanas de Bursera, Berberis, Lycianthes, Cascabela, Karwinskia e Ipomoea se agrupan con sus congéneres estudiados previamente. Conclusiones: Las maderas de la Sierra del Tentzo presentan caracteres propios de especies que habitan en zonas con estacionalidad marcada. Los caracteres evaluados son útiles para discriminar entre ellas y el análisis de agrupamiento reveló homogeneidad anatómica en géneros ampliamente estudiados.Background and Aims: In Mexico there are only two publications about wood of plants distributed in tropical deciduous forests. In Puebla, this type of vegetation represents the second place in geographical extension. However, no related works are documented in which typical species of this vegetation type are studied. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to describe wood anatomy of Berberis moranensis, Bursera fagaroides, B. morelense, Cascabela ovata, Critoniopsis uniflora, Fouquieria formosa, Ipomoea murucoides, Karwinskia humboldtiana and Lycianthes sp., characteristic taxa of the Sierra del Tentzo, compare the woods statistically, identify if characters are sufficient to differentiate them and determine if they form groups with congener organisms studied in previous publications.Methods: Wood of three individuals per species was collected at the collect site. The woods were processed with conventional histological techniques to obtain qualitative and quantitative anatomical data. It was evaluated whether there are intra and interspecific differences by a glm analysis, linear discriminant analysis was applied to determine if characters allow to discriminate between the species and conglomerate to group them with congener organisms described in previous publications.Key results: Qualitative characters of vessels, fibers and parenchyma correspond to previous descriptions; interspecific differences were found in the diameter of pits, wall of vessel elements and fibers, as well as the width of rays and the diameter of vessels, which are the most important variables to discriminate between taxa. Mexican species of Bursera, Berberis, Lycianthes, Cascabela, Karwinskia and Ipomoea are grouped with their previously studied congener species.Conclusions: Woods from the Sierra del Tentzo have characters of species that inhabit areas with marked seasonality. Evaluated characters are useful for discriminating between them and cluster analysis revealed that widely studied genera have anatomical homogeneity

Anatomía de la madera de especies de Forestiera (Oleaceae) en México

Background and Aims: One of the most recent approaches to delimiting plant species is using anatomical wood characters in woody taxa, which has been little explored in Mexican representatives. The genera Forestiera is an example of this, since only the wood of two of the 12 species distributed in Mexico have been described. With the aim of contributing to the knowledge of the wood anatomy of the genera, as well as the search for anatomical characters that discriminate between their species, this study describes the wood anatomy of the wood of eight species of Forestiera distributed in Mexico, with a systematic approach. Methods: Wood from 42 wood samples from eight species were analyzed, with three individuals per species at 14 collection sites. The material was processed with conventional microtechniques to obtain qualitative and quantitative anatomical variables. Characters were evaluated with multivariate statistics to determine which ones are important to form groups of species in Forestiera. Key results: Some previously reported anatomical attributes agree with those observed in this paper. However, there are differences such as semi-ring porous wood and growth marks without marginal parenchyma. The analyses formed groups of species, based the diameter of early-wood vessels, length of vessel elements and fibers, diameter of the fibers, type of rays, abundance of the marginal parenchyma and the type of crystals in rays. Based on wood anatomy, a taxonomic key is proposed to identify the studied species. Conclusions: Through the used analyses, we contribute to the knowledge of Forestiera anatomy. Wood characters that allow to distinguish groups of species are recognized. Future studies will confirm their taxonomic value.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Uno de los enfoques más recientes para delimitar especies vegetales es el uso de caracteres anatómicos de la madera en representantes leñosos que ha sido poco explorado en taxones mexicanos. El género Forestiera (Oleaceae) es un ejemplo de esto, pues solo se ha descrito la madera de dos de las 12 especies distribuidas en México. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la anatomía de la madera del género, así como a la búsqueda de caracteres anatómicos que discriminen entre sus especies, en el presente estudio se describe la anatomía de la madera de ocho especies de Forestiera distribuidas en México con un enfoque sistemático. Métodos: Se analizaron 42 muestras de madera de ocho especies, provenientes de tres individuos por especie en 14 sitios de colecta. El material se procesó con microtecnia convencional para obtener variables anatómicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Estas fueron evaluadas con estadística multivariada para determinar cuáles son importantes para formar grupos de especies en Forestiera. Resultados clave: Algunos atributos anatómicos reportados anteriormente coinciden con los observados en este trabajo. Sin embargo, hay diferencias como la porosidad semianular y la delimitación de marcas de crecimiento sin presencia de parénquima marginal. Los análisis formaron grupos de especies dados por el diámetro de vasos de la madera temprana, longitud de elementos de vaso y fibras, diámetro de las fibras, tipo de radios, abundancia del parénquima marginal y tipo de cristales en los radios. Con base en la anatomía de la madera, se propone una clave taxonómica para identificar las especies estudiadas. Conclusiones: Mediante los análisis empleados se contribuye al conocimiento de la anatomía de la madera de Forestiera; además, se reconocen caracteres que permiten distinguir grupos de especies. Futuros estudios confirmarán su valor taxonómico

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Educación ambiental y sociedad. Saberes locales para el desarrollo y la sustentabilidad

EL LIBRO PERMITE REFLEXIONAR SOBRE LA IMPORTANCIA DE FOMENTAL LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA RESOLVER LA PROBLEMÁTICA AMBIENTALEL LIBRO PRESENTA DIFERENTES TRABAJOS QUE ESTUDIAN EL TEMA D ELA SUSTENTABILIDAD, ENFATIZANDO LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y LA TRANSDISCIPLINANINGUN

Gestión del conocimiento: perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 12

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 12, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro cuenta con el apoyo de los grupos de investigación: Universidad Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprúm” (UNESUR), Zulia – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Falcón Alonso Gamero (UPTAG), Falcón – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Mérida Kleber Ramírez (UPTM), Mérida – Venezuela; Universidad Guanajuato (UG) - Campus Celaya - Salvatierra - Cuerpo Académico de Biodesarrollo y Bioeconomía en las Organizaciones y Políticas Públicas (C.A.B.B.O.P.P), Guanajuato – México; Centro de Altos Estudios de Venezuela (CEALEVE), Zulia – Venezuela, Centro Integral de Formación Educativa Especializada del Sur (CIFE - SUR) - Zulia - Venezuela, Centro de Investigaciones Internacionales SAS (CIN), Antioquia - Colombia.y diferentes grupos de investigación del ámbito nacional e internacional que hoy se unen para estrechar vínculos investigativos, para que sus aportes científicos formen parte de los libros que se publiquen en formatos digital e impreso

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SOCIEDAD. SABERES LOCALES PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

Este texto contribuye al análisis científico de varias áreas del conocimiento como la filosofía social, la patología, la educación para el cuidado del medio ambiente y la sustentabilidad que inciden en diversas unidades de aprendizaje de la Licenciatura en Educación para la Salud y de la Maestría en Sociología de la SaludLas comunidades indígenas de la sierra norte de Oaxaca México, habitan un territorio extenso de biodiversidad. Sin que sea una área protegida y sustentable, la propia naturaleza de la región ofrece a sus visitantes la riqueza de la vegetación caracterizada por sus especies endémicas que componen un paisaje de suma belleza