Euphémisme et/ou violence verbale féminine. Sur le comportement langagier de jeunes filles cairotes

Si la « violence verbale » est une transgression des tabous langagiers, « l’euphémisme » est un moyen de les contourner. L’étude de ces deux concepts dans ce qu’on appelle « le langage des jeunes » est intéressante dans la mesure où elle pose la question de son « caractère masculin ». J’aborde la question des pratiques langagières des jeunes de ce nouvel angle qu’est le sexe en mettant à l'épreuve l'hypothèse de la politesse du langage des femmes auprès de groupes de jeunes filles cairotes. J’ai cherché mes réponses à travers un guide d’entretien semi-directif formé à la lumière de données collectées sur le journal du Facebook de certains internautes. Un questionnaire copiant ce guide d'entretien sous forme de questions fermées a facilité le traitement statistique des données

Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics

This volume contains over fifty articles related to various fields of modern Arabic dialectology. All the articles are revised and enhanced versions of papers read on the 12th Conference of the Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe (AIDA) held in Marseille in June 2017. Since its first conference in Paris in 1993, AIDA members gather every two years in different country. The collection of the AIDA proceedings offer an updated insight of the development of the field. During the past few decadesthe the study of Arabic dialects has become an important branch of research covering a wide range of subjects from phonological analyses, morphosyntax, semantics to pragmatics, sociolinguistics, folk linguistics, studies on literacy and writings, cultural and artistic practices, etc. As many articles of this volume illustrate, the study of Arabic dialects explores different aspects of the languages and cultures of the contemporary Arab world. A remarkable feature is the growing and constant participation of young scholars from all around the globe

Dynamically Adaptive Data Clustering Using Intelligent Swarm-like Agents

Abstract ⎯ Inspired by the self-organized behaviour of bird flocks, a new dynamic clustering approach based on Particle Swarm Optimization is proposed. This paper introduces a novel clustering method, the PSDC, a new Particle Swarm-like agents approach for Dynamically Adaptive data clustering. Unlike other partition clustering algorithms, this technique does not require initial partitioned seeds and it can dynamically adapt to the changes in the global shape or size of the clusters. In this technique, the agents have lots of useful features such as sensing, thinking, making decisions, parallelism and moving freely in the solution space. The moving swarm-like agents are guided to move according to a specific proposed navigation rules. These rules help every agent to find its new position in its navigation process and the clustering results emerge from the collective and cooperative behaviour of these swarm agents. If the swarm performance showed gradual improvements during a predefined number of cycles, then the current population could pass useful information to the next population in order to help further generations in reaching better solutions faster and enable the learning process to be reinforced. The distributed, adaptive and cooperative behaviour of these agents was so powerful to explore the solution space effectively. Through the cooperative behaviour, the generations of agents were able to build knowledge and the whole population could pass information to the next generation. Numerous experiments have been conducted using both synthetic and real datasets to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model. Cluster validity approaches are used to quantitatively evaluate the results of the clustering algorithm. Experimental results showed that the proposed particle swarm-like clustering algorithm reaches good clustering solutions and achieves superior performance compared to others

Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial

BackgroundSparsentan, a novel, non-immunosuppressive, single-molecule, dual endothelin angiotensin receptor antagonist, significantly reduced proteinuria versus irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, at 36 weeks (primary endpoint) in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the phase 3 PROTECT trial's previously reported interim analysis. Here, we report kidney function and outcomes over 110 weeks from the double-blind final analysis.MethodsPROTECT, a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 study, was done across 134 clinical practice sites in 18 countries throughout the Americas, Asia, and Europe. Patients aged 18 years or older with biopsy-proven primary IgA nephropathy and proteinuria of at least 1·0 g per day despite maximised renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 12 weeks were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive sparsentan (target dose 400 mg oral sparsentan once daily) or irbesartan (target dose 300 mg oral irbesartan once daily) based on a permuted-block randomisation method. The primary endpoint was proteinuria change between treatment groups at 36 weeks. Secondary endpoints included rate of change (slope) of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), changes in proteinuria, a composite of kidney failure (confirmed 40% eGFR reduction, end-stage kidney disease, or all-cause mortality), and safety and tolerability up to 110 weeks from randomisation. Secondary efficacy outcomes were assessed in the full analysis set and safety was assessed in the safety set, both of which were defined as all patients who were randomly assigned and received at least one dose of randomly assigned study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03762850.FindingsBetween Dec 20, 2018, and May 26, 2021, 203 patients were randomly assigned to the sparsentan group and 203 to the irbesartan group. One patient from each group did not receive the study drug and was excluded from the efficacy and safety analyses (282 [70%] of 404 included patients were male and 272 [67%] were White) . Patients in the sparsentan group had a slower rate of eGFR decline than those in the irbesartan group. eGFR chronic 2-year slope (weeks 6–110) was −2·7 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year versus −3·8 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (difference 1·1 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year, 95% CI 0·1 to 2·1; p=0·037); total 2-year slope (day 1–week 110) was −2·9 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year versus −3·9 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (difference 1·0 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year, 95% CI −0·03 to 1·94; p=0·058). The significant reduction in proteinuria at 36 weeks with sparsentan was maintained throughout the study period; at 110 weeks, proteinuria, as determined by the change from baseline in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, was 40% lower in the sparsentan group than in the irbesartan group (−42·8%, 95% CI −49·8 to −35·0, with sparsentan versus −4·4%, −15·8 to 8·7, with irbesartan; geometric least-squares mean ratio 0·60, 95% CI 0·50 to 0·72). The composite kidney failure endpoint was reached by 18 (9%) of 202 patients in the sparsentan group versus 26 (13%) of 202 patients in the irbesartan group (relative risk 0·7, 95% CI 0·4 to 1·2). Treatment-emergent adverse events were well balanced between sparsentan and irbesartan, with no new safety signals.InterpretationOver 110 weeks, treatment with sparsentan versus maximally titrated irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy resulted in significant reductions in proteinuria and preservation of kidney function