Device to color modulate a stationary light beam gives high intensity

Signal controlled system color modulates a beam of light while also providing high intensity and a stationary beam, either collimated or focused. The color modulation acquired by the presented system can be compatible with any color film by employing color filters formed to provide a color wedge having a color distribution compatible with the films color sensitivity

Settlement of Disputes under the United States-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement

The U.S. – Central America – Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement is one of nearly a dozen post-NAFTA FTAs that have been concluded by the United States since 2000 with nations in Latin America, the Middle East and Asia. All of these newer agreements are based on NAFTA, but they differ in significant respects, particularly in the chapters relating to dispute settlement. The changes reflect, most significantly, U.S. government experience with NAFTA dispute settlement, particularly with regard to actions brought by private investors against the United States and other NAFTA governments under NAFTA’s investment protection provisions (Chapter 11). However, they also result from perceived (as well as actual) threats to U.S. sovereignty, as reflected in the President’s “Trade Promotion Authority” of 2002. It is too soon, of course, to determine whether these changes will have a significant impact on dispute settlement under CAFTA-DR; in the author’s view, they will

An Appellate Mechanism for Review of Arbitral Decisions in Investor - State Disputes: Prospects and Challenges

Current support for such an appellate mechanism is largely derived from Congressional and NGO concerns regarding certain arbitral decisions rendered under NAFTA’s Chapter 11, where questions as to the consistency of tribunal interpretation of investment rules have been raised. Incorporation of such a mechanism or mechanisms in free trade agreements and bilateral investment treaties is effectively required by the President’s 2002 “Trade Promotion Authority.” Negotiation and drafting of an agreement establishing such a mechanism will commence shortly (three months) after the United States – Central America – Dominican Free Trade Agreement enters into force, probably January 1, 2006. The article discusses the genesis and rationale for the appellate mechanism concept; existing procedures under ICSID and elsewhere for review of arbitral awards; and the legal challenges for the negotiators. This last group includes questions relating to the standard of review; various procedural and jurisdictional issues; transparency arrangements; a possible bonding requirement; choice of law; structure and membership; situs of the mechanism; dealing with member conflicts of interest; and the need to modify existing FTAs and BITs

Barnes, Tirza Lydia

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The Implementation of Musculoskeletal Principles in a Clivus Chordoma Survivor with Neck Pain

Background: Long term side effects of cancer treatments can have a significant effect on functional mobility. Radiation therapy can have significant effects on all body tissue, including muscle and connective tissue. Surgical resection of malignant tumors also carries post-operative side effects that can influence function. The purpose of this case study is to highlight the successful treatment of neck pain despite limited treatment options from a complex past medical history. Case Description: This case study details the treatment of a 56-year-old female with a history of a clivus chordoma. Adverse effects following surgical resection, cervical fusion, and radiation therapy compelled this patient to present to an outpatient orthopedic clinic with complaints of neck pain and the presence of multiple functional deficits. Intervention: The intervention focused on manual therapy to address soft tissue adhesions in the upper quarter, therapeutic exercise to increase thoracic mobility, neuromuscular re-education of the transverse abdominus and diaphragm, and education for the successful integration of therapy principles to activities of daily living and exercise. Outcome Measures: The outcome measures utilized with this patient were limited to the Focus On Therapeutic Outcomes survey. Discussion: Several publications on the topic of clivus chordoma treatment, radiation therapy, and the overall neuromuscular complications experienced by cancer survivors acknowledge the role that physical therapy must play in the successful rehabilitation of these patients. Review of the related literature provides support for the interventions utilized in this case study including soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization, therapeutic exercise, and neuromuscular re-education