El origen de los dientes

Los autores recurren a la imaginación para descubrir un mundo ordenado y armónico que es la cavidad bucal, poblada por cuatro razas que son los tipos de piezas dentales de una persona adulta. En seguida manifiestan un escenario de guerra cruenta, protagonizada por un ejército invasor de las piezas dentales, que son los microorganismos causantes de la caries. Estos invasores son enfrentados por un pequeño ejército de la resistencia, que brinda protección y salvación a las piezas dentales, por ser las sustancias usadas para la higiene ora

Degree of Microfiltration Using Self-Etch Adhesive Systems

El objetivo fue contrastar el grado de microfiltración utilizando sistemas adhesivos de autograbado. El estudio de orientación cuantitativa, experimental, prospectivo, transversal y bivariado. Material y métodos: Se recolectaron 20 órganos dentarios terceros molares, divididos en dos grupos de 10 muestras cada uno. Grupo (A) adhesivo autograbado Single Bond Universal 3M (B) adhesivo autograbado dos gotas Ámbar Universal FGM y; posteriormente obturadas con resina Vitra APS (FGM), las muestras fueron sometidos a termociclador durante 5000 ciclos de 5°c (±2) a 55°c (±2), La profundidad de la microfiltración se midió utilizando un índice de penetración con azul de metileno al 2% los resultados fueron observaron con estereoscopio. Resultados: Se realizó prueba de normalidad de Shapiro wilk (p<0,05%), por lo observado se utilizó prueba no paramétrica de U Man Whitney, determinándose que existe diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05), el grupo A, 30% (3) sin filtración, 20% (2) filtración grado 1, 40 % (4) filtración grado 2, 10% (1) filtración total; y el grupo C, 0% sin filtración, 10 % (1) filtración esmalte, 40% (4) filtración grado 2, 50% (5) filtración total. Conclusión: El grado de microfiltración obtenido con adhesivos de autograbado mostro diferencia estadísticamente relevante.The objective was to contrast the degree of microleakage using self-etching adhesive systems. The study was quantitative, experimental, prospective, cross-sectional and bivariate. Material and methods: 20 third molar dental organs were collected, divided into two groups of 10 samples each. Group (A) self-etching adhesive Single Bond Universal 3M (B) self-etching adhesive two drops Amber Universal FGM and; subsequently obturated with Vitra APS resin (FGM), the samples were subjected to thermocycler for 5000 cycles from 5°c (±2) to 55°c (±2), The depth of microleakage was measured using a penetration index with 2% methylene blue the results were observed with stereoscope. Results: Shapiro wilk normality test was performed (p<0.05%), for the observed was used non-parametric U Man Whitney test, determining that there is statistically significant differences (p<0.05), group A, 30% (3) no filtration, 20% (2) filtration grade 1, 40% (4) filtration grade 2, 10% (1) total filtration; and group C, 0% no filtration, 10 % (1) enamel filtration, 40% (4) grade 2 filtration, 50% (5) total filtration. Conclusion: The degree of microleakage obtained with self-etching adhesives showed statistically relevant differences

Enterococcus Faecalis on Toothbrushes Stored in Student Restrooms, Amazonas – 2022

Objetivo: el estudio buscó determinar la presencia de Entorococcus faecalis en los cepillos dentales guardados en los sanitarios de los estudiantes del tercer ciclo de Estomatología de la Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas - 2022. Materiales y métodos: enfoque cuantitativo, nivel descriptivo, tipo observacional, prospectivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 28 estudiantes del tercer ciclo de Estomatología que guardaban sus cepillos dentales en sus sanitarios. En el laboratorio se realizó la siembra de los cepillos dentales en el medio de tioglicolato depositados en tubos de ensayo, y se dejó incubar por 18 horas a 35ºC; luego, se procedió a sembrar las muestras en el medio de bilis esculina dejando incubar por 48 horas a 35ºC; pasado el tiempo de incubación se obtuvo oscurecimiento del medio en 15 muestras y a partir de ahí se realizaron las pruebas bioquímicas de identificación, como tinción Gram, catalasa, cloruro de sodio y bilis esculina, para luego continuar con la inoculación bacteriana en agar sangre por 48 horas a una incubación de 35ºC. Resultados: se encontró presencia de Enterococcus faecalis en ambos sexos y en las edades de 17, 18 y 20 años de edad, se reconoció 5 hemólisis tipo gamma, 4 hemólisis tipo beta y 6 hemólisis tipo alfa. Conclusión: al finalizar el estudio se determinó que si existe presencia microbiana de Enterococcus faecalis en un 18% del total de cepillos dentales estudiados.Objective: the study sought to determine the presence of Entorococcus faecalis in the toothbrushes stored in the restrooms of the students of the third cycle of Stomatology at the National University Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas - 2022. Material and method: quantitative approach, descriptive level, observational, prospective and cross-sectional type. The sample consisted of 28 students of the third cycle of Dentistry who kept their toothbrushes in their toilets. In the laboratory, the dental brushes were sown in the thioglycolate medium deposited in test tubes, and allowed to incubate for 18 hours at 35ºC; then, the samples were sown in the esculin bile medium, allowing them to incubate for 48 hours at 35ºC; After the incubation time, darkening of the medium was obtained in 15 samples and from there biochemical identification tests were performed, such as Gram staining, catalase, sodium chloride and esculin bile, to then continue with bacterial inoculation on blood agar for 48 hours at an incubation of 35ºC. Results: the presence of Enterococcus faecalis was found in both sexes and in the ages of 17, 18 and 20 years of age, 5 gamma type hemolysis, 4 beta type hemolysis and 6 alpha type hemolysis were recognized. Conclusion: at the end of the study, it was determined that there is a microbial presence of Enterococcus faecalis in 18% of the total number of toothbrushes studied

Efectividad de la Técnica de Mohan P. Desarda modificada en Herniorrafía Inguinal, Hospital Público de Chachapoyas

Quantitative, explanatory, longitudinal research with epidemiological design of longitudinal cohort with the objective of determining the effectiveness of the modified Mohan Desarda technique in inguinal herniorrhaphy, public hospital of Chachapoyas, a sample of 50 patients who underwent surgery for inguinal herniorrhaphy was used, followed for 30 days to observe the post-surgical complications that were collected through the clinical evaluation form and analyzed by Cox regression. It was found that 32% of the patients were between 60-65 years old and 58.0% were male, 54.0% were operated by Lichtenstein and 46.0% by the Modified Desarda technique, 44.0% presented post-surgical complications, being 26.0% operated by Lichtenstein and 18.0% by Modified Desarda, 31.8% operated by Lichtenstein presented post-surgical complications of seroma, while 18. The Modified Desarda technique decreases the risk of post-surgical complications being a protective factor HR= 0.158; 95% CI 0.049- 0.507; p= 0.002, moreover, the more age increases the risk of complications is 1.250 and the more glucose levels increase the risk of complications is 1.658. Therefore, it is concluded that the patients operated by Modified Desarda have a longer survival time being effective in inguinal herniorrhaphy.Investigación cuantitativa, explicativo, longitudinal con diseño epidemiológico de cohorte longitudinal que tuvo como objetivo determinar la efectividad de la técnica de Mohan Desarda modificada en herniorrafía inguinal, hospital público de Chachapoyas, se utilizó una muestra de 50 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por herniorrafía inguinal, se siguió por 30 días para observar las complicaciones postquirúrgicas que se recolectó mediante la ficha de evaluación clínica y se analizó mediante una regresión de Cox. Se encontró que el 32% de los pacientes tuvieron entre 60- 65 años y el 58.0% fueron de sexo masculino, el 54.0% fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente por Lichtenstein y el 46.0% por la técnica Desarda Modificada, el 44.0% presentó complicaciones postquirúrgicas, siendo el 26.0% intervenidos por Lichtenstein y el 18.0% por Desarda Modificada, el 31.8% intervenidos por Lichtenstein presentaron complicaciones postquirúrgicas de seroma, mientras que el 18.2% intervenidos por Desarda Modificada tuvieron complicaciones de seroma, la técnica Desarda Modificada disminuye el riesgo de complicaciones postquirúrgicas siendo un factor protector HR= 0.158; IC 95% 0.049- 0.507; p= 0.002, además cuanto más aumenta la edad existe 1.250 más riesgo de complicaciones y cuanto más aumenta los niveles de glucosa el riesgo de complicaciones es de 1.658. Por lo tanto, se concluye que los pacientes intervenidos por Desarda Modificada tienen mayor tiempo de supervivencia siendo efectiva en herniorrafía inguina

Ética odontológica en el ejercicio profesional de los cirujanos dentistas de Chachapoyas, 2020

A quantitative, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional research was carried out with the objective of determining the importance of dental ethics in the professional practice of dental surgeons in Chachapoyas, 2020; the information was collected by means of a survey applied to 60 dental surgeons working in private practice in the city of Chachapoyas. The results show that 41.66% of those surveyed had a high level of knowledge of ethics, 48.33% had a medium level of knowledge, and 48.33% had a high level of knowledge. On the other hand, when dental surgeons were surveyed on the application of ethics prior to the issuance of a treatment plan, 80% of dental surgeons indicated that they did apply ethical principles prior to the issuance of a treatment plan, while only 20% of dental surgeons mentioned that they did not apply ethical principles prior to the issuance of a treatment plan. It is concluded that dental surgeons in Chachapoyas do apply ethics in their professional practice, but that there is still a small group of dental surgeons who do not do so.Se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal; la cual tuvo como objetivo determinar la importancia de la ética odontológica en el ejercicio profesional de los cirujanos dentistas de Chachapoyas, 2020; se recolectó la información mediante una encuesta aplicado a 60 cirujanos dentistas que laboran en la práctica privada en la ciudad de Chachapoyas. Los resultados evidencian que el 41.66% de los encuestados presenta nivel de conocimiento alto sobre ética, el 48.33% presenta nivel de conocimiento medio y el 10% de los cirujanos dentistas presenta un nivel de conocimiento sobre ética bajo, por otro lado al encuestar a los cirujanos dentistas sobre aplicación de la ética previo a la emisión de un plan de tratamiento, el 80% de cirujanos dentistas indica que si aplica los principios éticos previo a la emisión de un plan de tratamiento, mientras que solo el 20% de los cirujanos dentistas, menciona que no aplica los principios éticos previo a la emisión de un plan de tratamiento. Concluyendo que los cirujanos dentistas de Chachapoyas si aplican la ética en su ejercicio profesional, pero que hay todavía un grupo reducidos de cirujanos dentistas que no lo realiza

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings