Características Antropométricas, Composición corporal y Somatotipo en Jugadores de Rugby Sevens

Introduction: The objective of this study was to analyze the anthropometric characteristics of body composition and somatotype in senior rugby seven players. The sample was 21 players (age 24.2 ± 5.1 years, weight 81.0 ±14.7 kg, height 175.5 ±4.8 cm) belonging to a departmental team. Methods: 22 anthropometric measurements were taken (two basic, eight skinfolds, three diameters and seven perimeters); Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and somatotype were determined. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed in SPSS, and the normality of the data was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Significance level p>0.05. Results: Among the results found are muscle mass 41.2 ± 5.4 kg, bone mass 11.4 ± 1.4 kg and fat percentage using the Faulkner formulas 13.9 ± 2.2%, Carter 10.4 ± 2.1% and Yuhazs 15.1 ± 3.1%. Regarding the somatotype reported, it is endomesomorphic. Conclusion: there is no defined profile regarding the muscle or fat component, nor a consensus on how to quantify these components.Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las características antropométricas de composición corporal y somatotipo en jugadores de rugby sevens categoría mayores. La muestra fue de 21 jugadores (edad 24.2 ± 5.1 años, peso de 81.0 ±14,7 kg, talla 175.5 ±4.8 cm) pertenecientes a una selección departamental. Métodos: Se tomaron 22 medidas antropométricas (dos básicas, ocho pliegues, tres diámetros y siete perímetros); se determinaron las características antropométricas, composición corporal y somatotipo. Se hizo un análisis estadístico descriptivo en SPSS, se comprobó la normalidad de los datos por medio de la prueba Shapiro-Wilk. Nivel de significancia p>0,05. Resultados: Dentro de los resultados hallados está la masa muscular 41.2 ± 5.4 kg, masa ósea 11.4 ± 1.4 kg y porcentaje de grasa mediante las fórmulas de Faulkner 13.9 ± 2.2 %, Carter 10.4 ± 2.1 % y Yuhasz 15.1 ± 3.1 %. En cuanto al somatotipo reportado es endomesomorfo. Conclusión: En conclusión, no existe un perfil definido frente al componente muscular o graso, ni tampoco un consenso de como cuantificar dichos componentes

Genetic, morphological, geographical and ecological approaches reveal phylogenetic relationships in complex groups, an example of recently diverged pinyon pine species (Subsection Cembroides)

Elucidating phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries within complex taxonomic groups is challenging for intrinsic and extrinsic (i.e., technical) reasons. Mexican pinyon pines are a complex group whose phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries have been widely studied but poorly resolved, partly due to intrinsic ecological and evolutionary features such as low morphological and genetic differentiation caused by recent divergence, hybridization and introgression. Extrinsic factors such as limited sampling and difficulty in selecting informative molecular markers have also impeded progress. Some of the Mexican pinyon pines are of conservation concern but others may remain unprotected because the species boundaries have not been established. In this study we combined approaches to resolve the phylogenetic relationships in this complex group and to establish species boundaries in four recently diverged taxa: P. discolor, P. johannis, P. culminicola and P. cembroides. We performed phylogenetic analyses using the chloroplast markers matK and psbA trnH as well as complete and partial chloroplast genomes of species of Subsection Cembroides. Additionally, we performed a phylogeographic analysis combining genetic data (18 chloroplast markers), morphological data and geographical data to define species boundaries in four recently diverged taxa. Ecological divergence was supported by differences in climate among localities for distinct genetic lineages. Whereas the phylogenetic analysis inferred with matK and psbA trnH was unable to resolve the relationships in this complex group, we obtained a resolved phylogeny with the use of the chloroplast genomes. The resolved phylogeny was concordant with a haplotype network obtained using chloroplast markers. In species with potential for recent divergence, hybridization or introgression, nonhierarchical network-based approaches are probably more appropriate to protect against misclassification due to incomplete lineage sorting. The boundaries among genetic lineages were delimited by the inclusion of morphological, geographical and ecological data in the haplotype network. These multiple lines of evidence help to assign species boundaries in this complex group. P. johannis, P. discolor, P. culminicola and P. cembroides are different species based on their genetic, morphological and ecological niche differences. We suggest a reevaluation of the conservation status of these species considering the information generated in this study

Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND: We evaluated whether rivaroxaban alone or in combination with aspirin would be more effective than aspirin alone for secondary cardiovascular prevention. METHODS: In this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 27,395 participants with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease to receive rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin (100 mg once daily), rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily), or aspirin (100 mg once daily). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction. The study was stopped for superiority of the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group after a mean follow-up of 23 months. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in fewer patients in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group than in the aspirin-alone group (379 patients [4.1%] vs. 496 patients [5.4%]; hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.86; P<0.001; z=−4.126), but major bleeding events occurred in more patients in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group (288 patients [3.1%] vs. 170 patients [1.9%]; hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.40 to 2.05; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in intracranial or fatal bleeding between these two groups. There were 313 deaths (3.4%) in the rivaroxaban-plus-aspirin group as compared with 378 (4.1%) in the aspirin-alone group (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.96; P=0.01; threshold P value for significance, 0.0025). The primary outcome did not occur in significantly fewer patients in the rivaroxaban-alone group than in the aspirin-alone group, but major bleeding events occurred in more patients in the rivaroxaban-alone group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease, those assigned to rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin had better cardiovascular outcomes and more major bleeding events than those assigned to aspirin alone. Rivaroxaban (5 mg twice daily) alone did not result in better cardiovascular outcomes than aspirin alone and resulted in more major bleeding events