261 research outputs found
An Efficient Partitioning Oracle for Bounded-Treewidth Graphs
Partitioning oracles were introduced by Hassidim et al. (FOCS 2009) as a
generic tool for constant-time algorithms. For any epsilon > 0, a partitioning
oracle provides query access to a fixed partition of the input bounded-degree
minor-free graph, in which every component has size poly(1/epsilon), and the
number of edges removed is at most epsilon*n, where n is the number of vertices
in the graph.
However, the oracle of Hassidimet al. makes an exponential number of queries
to the input graph to answer every query about the partition. In this paper, we
construct an efficient partitioning oracle for graphs with constant treewidth.
The oracle makes only O(poly(1/epsilon)) queries to the input graph to answer
each query about the partition.
Examples of bounded-treewidth graph classes include k-outerplanar graphs for
fixed k, series-parallel graphs, cactus graphs, and pseudoforests. Our oracle
yields poly(1/epsilon)-time property testing algorithms for membership in these
classes of graphs. Another application of the oracle is a poly(1/epsilon)-time
algorithm that approximates the maximum matching size, the minimum vertex cover
size, and the minimum dominating set size up to an additive epsilon*n in graphs
with bounded treewidth. Finally, the oracle can be used to test in
poly(1/epsilon) time whether the input bounded-treewidth graph is k-colorable
or perfect.Comment: Full version of a paper to appear in RANDOM 201
Extensive Spectroscopy and Photometry of the Type IIP Supernova 2013ej
We present extensive optical (, , and open CCD) and
near-infrared () photometry for the very nearby Type IIP SN ~2013ej
extending from +1 to +461 days after shock breakout, estimated to be MJD
. Substantial time series ultraviolet and optical spectroscopy
obtained from +8 to +135 days are also presented. Considering well-observed SNe
IIP from the literature, we derive bolometric calibrations from
and unfiltered measurements that potentially reach 2\% precision with a
color-dependent correction. We observe moderately strong Si II
as early as +8 days. The photospheric velocity () is
determined by modeling the spectra in the vicinity of Fe II
whenever observed, and interpolating at photometric epochs based on a
semianalytic method. This gives km s at +50
days. We also observe spectral homogeneity of ultraviolet spectra at +10--12
days for SNe IIP, while variations are evident a week after explosion. Using
the expanding photosphere method, from combined analysis of SN 2013ej and SN
2002ap, we estimate the distance to the host galaxy to be
Mpc, consistent with distance estimates from other methods. Photometric and
spectroscopic analysis during the plateau phase, which we estimated to be
days long, yields an explosion energy of
ergs, a final pre-explosion progenitor mass of ~M and a
radius of ~R. We observe a broken exponential profile beyond
+120 days, with a break point at + days. Measurements beyond this
break time yield a Ni mass of ~M.Comment: 29 pages, 23 figures, 15 tables, Published in The Astrophisical
Journa
An UXor among FUors: Extinction-related Brightness Variations of the Young Eruptive Star V582 Aur
V582 Aur is an FU Ori-type young eruptive star in outburst since similar to 1985. The eruption is currently in a relatively constant plateau phase, with photometric and spectroscopic variability superimposed. Here we will characterize the progenitor of the outbursting object, explore its environment, and analyze the temporal evolution of the eruption. We are particularly interested in the physical origin of the two deep photometric dips, one that occurred in 2012 and one that is ongoing since 2016. We collected archival photographic plates and carried out new optical, infrared, and millimeter-wave photometric and spectroscopic observations between 2010 and 2018, with a high sampling rate during the current minimum. Besides analyzing the color changes during fading, we compiled multiepoch spectral energy distributions and fitted them with a simple accretion disk model. Based on pre-outburst data and a millimeter continuum measurement, we suggest that the progenitor of the V582 Aur outburst is a low-mass T Tauri star with average properties. The mass of an unresolved circumstellar structure, probably a disk, is 0.04M(circle dot). The optical and near-infrared spectra demonstrate the presence of hydrogen and metallic lines, show the CO band head in absorption, and exhibit a variable Ha profile. The color variations strongly indicate that both the similar to 1 yr long brightness dip in 2012 and the current minimum since 2016 are caused by increased extinction along the line of sight. According to our accretion disk models, the reddening changed from A(V) = 4.5 to 12.5mag, while the accretion rate remained practically constant. Similarly to the models of the UXor phenomenon of intermediate- and low-mass young stars, orbiting disk structures could be responsible for the eclipses
Gaia Data Release 2 Summary of the variability processing and analysis results
Context. The Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) contains more than half a million sources that are identified as variable stars. Aims. We summarise the processing and results of the identification of variable source candidates of RR Lyrae stars, Cepheids, long-period variables (LPVs), rotation modulation (BY Dra-type) stars, delta Scuti and SX Phoenicis stars, and short-timescale variables. In this release we aim to provide useful but not necessarily complete samples of candidates. Methods. The processed Gaia data consist of the G, G(BP), and G(RP) photometry during the first 22 months of operations as well as positions and parallaxes. Various methods from classical statistics, data mining, and time-series analysis were applied and tailored to the specific properties of Gaia data, as were various visualisation tools to interpret the data. Results. The DR2 variability release contains 228 904 RR Lyrae stars, 11 438 Cepheids, 151 761 LPVs, 147 535 stars with rotation modulation, 8882 delta( )Scuti and SX Phoenicis stars, and 3018 short-timescale variables. These results are distributed over a classification and various Specific Object Studies tables in the Gaia archive, along with the three-band time series and associated statistics for the underlying 550 737 unique sources. We estimate that about half of them are newly identified variables. The variability type completeness varies strongly as a function of sky position as a result of the non-uniform sky coverage and intermediate calibration level of these data. The probabilistic and automated nature of this work implies certain completeness and contamination rates that are quantified so that users can anticipate their effects. This means that even well-known variable sources can be missed or misidentified in the published data. Conclusions. The DR2 variability release only represents a small subset of the processed data. Future releases will include more variable sources and data products; however, DR2 shows the (already) very high quality of the data and great promise for variability studies
<i>Gaia</i> Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
Context. At about 1000 days after the launch of Gaia we present the first Gaia data release, Gaia DR1, consisting of astrometry and photometry for over 1 billion sources brighter than magnitude 20.7.
Aims. A summary of Gaia DR1 is presented along with illustrations of the scientific quality of the data, followed by a discussion of the limitations due to the preliminary nature of this release.
Methods. The raw data collected by Gaia during the first 14 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) and turned into an astrometric and photometric catalogue.
Results. Gaia DR1 consists of three components: a primary astrometric data set which contains the positions, parallaxes, and mean proper motions for about 2 million of the brightest stars in common with the HIPPARCOS and Tycho-2 catalogues – a realisation of the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) – and a secondary astrometric data set containing the positions for an additional 1.1 billion sources. The second component is the photometric data set, consisting of mean G-band magnitudes for all sources. The G-band light curves and the characteristics of ∼3000 Cepheid and RR-Lyrae stars, observed at high cadence around the south ecliptic pole, form the third component. For the primary astrometric data set the typical uncertainty is about 0.3 mas for the positions and parallaxes, and about 1 mas yr−1 for the proper motions. A systematic component of ∼0.3 mas should be added to the parallax uncertainties. For the subset of ∼94 000 HIPPARCOS stars in the primary data set, the proper motions are much more precise at about 0.06 mas yr−1. For the secondary astrometric data set, the typical uncertainty of the positions is ∼10 mas. The median uncertainties on the mean G-band magnitudes range from the mmag level to ∼0.03 mag over the magnitude range 5 to 20.7.
Conclusions. Gaia DR1 is an important milestone ahead of the next Gaia data release, which will feature five-parameter astrometry for all sources. Extensive validation shows that Gaia DR1 represents a major advance in the mapping of the heavens and the availability of basic stellar data that underpin observational astrophysics. Nevertheless, the very preliminary nature of this first Gaia data release does lead to a number of important limitations to the data quality which should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions from the data
Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with human directed social behavior in dogs (Canis familiaris)
The oxytocin system has a crucial role in human sociality;
several results prove that polymorphisms of the oxytocin
receptor gene are related to complex social behaviors in humans.
Dogs' parallel evolution with humans and their adaptation to the
human environment has made them a useful species to model human
social interactions. Previous research indicates that dogs are
eligible models for behavioral genetic research, as well. Based
on these previous findings, our research investigated
associations between human directed social behaviors and two
newly described (−212AG, 19131AG) and one known (rs8679684)
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the regulatory regions
(5′ and 3′ UTR) of the oxytocin receptor gene in German Shepherd
(N = 104) and Border Collie (N = 103) dogs. Dogs' behavior
traits have been estimated in a newly developed test series
consisting of five episodes: Greeting by a stranger, Separation
from the owner, Problem solving, Threatening approach, Hiding of
the owner. Buccal samples were collected and DNA was isolated
using standard protocols. SNPs in the 3′ and 5′ UTR regions were
analyzed by polymerase chain reaction based techniques followed
by subsequent electrophoresis analysis. The gene–behavior
association analysis suggests that oxytocin receptor gene
polymorphisms have an impact in both breeds on (i) proximity
seeking towards an unfamiliar person, as well as their owner,
and on (ii) how friendly dogs behave towards strangers, although
the mediating molecular regulatory mechanisms are yet unknown.
Based on these results, we conclude that similarly to humans,
the social behavior of dogs towards humans is influenced by the
oxytocin system
Variants of the EAAT2 Glutamate Transporter Gene Promoter Are Associated with Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Infants
© 2017, The Author(s). Preterm delivery is associated with neurodevelopmental impairment caused by environmental and genetic factors. Dysfunction of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and the resultant impaired glutamate uptake can lead to neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; g.-200CCloseSPigtSPiA and g.-181ACloseSPigtSPiC) in the EAAT2 promoter in susceptibility to brain injury and neurodisability in very preterm infants born at or before 32-week gestation. DNA isolated from newborns’ dried blood spots were used for pyrosequencing to detect both SNPs. Association between EAAT2 genotypes and cerebral palsy, cystic periventricular leukomalacia and a low developmental score was then assessed. The two SNPs were concordant in 89.4% of infants resulting in three common genotypes all carrying two C and two A alleles in different combinations. However, in 10.6% of cases, non-concordance was found, generating six additional rare genotypes. The A alleles at both loci appeared to be detrimental and consequently, the risk of developing cerebral palsy increased four- and sixfold for each additional detrimental allele at -200 and -181bp, respectively. The two SNPs altered the regulation of the EAAT2 promoter activity and glutamate homeostasis. This study highlights the significance of glutamate in the pathogenesis of preterm brain injury and subsequent development of cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Furthermore, the described EAAT2 SNPs may be an early biomarker of vulnerability to neurodisability and may aid the development of targeted treatment strategies
Applications of microarray technology in breast cancer research
Microarrays provide a versatile platform for utilizing information from the Human Genome Project to benefit human health. This article reviews the ways in which microarray technology may be used in breast cancer research. Its diverse applications include monitoring chromosome gains and losses, tumour classification, drug discovery and development, DNA resequencing, mutation detection and investigating the mechanism of tumour development
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