Characterization of the transfer probability of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium between pork and a cutting knife in an experimental model

Cross-contamination is an important event for bacterial transfer throughout the pork production chain. In Brazil, Salmonella sp. is the most relevant hazard in the pork industry, and further knowledge concerning its contamination is essential for in-depth risk assessments. Thus, we aimed to assess the transfer probability of Salmonella sp. between a knife and pork in a domestic kitchen scenario to provide parametrization for incorporating transfer of Salmonella sp. in risk assessment models. To estimate Salmonella Typhimuium transfer rates between contaminated pork and a knife blade during cutting, 23 independent experiments were performed. A Bayesian inference was utilized to determine the transfer probability, capturing the uncertainty generated in the transfer probability experiments. The mean transfer probability was 0.03 for knife to pork [0.029; 0.032] 95% credible interval (CrI) and 0.0042 for pork to knife [0.0041; 0.0043] 95% CrI. The probabilistic estimate of the transfer probability of Salmonella sp. during pork cutting gives insights on a relevant parameter for the consumer phase of the pork production industry in Brazil, allowing for enhanced risk assessment models

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Estimativa da transferência de Salmonella typhimurium DT 177 entre faca de aço inoxidável e carne suína artificialmente contaminada

A contaminação cruzada por Salmonella spp. durante o processo de abate de suínos contribui para o aumento da prevalência de carcaças positivas no pré-resfriamento. Um dos fatores que pode contribuir para a contaminação cruzada é a execução de cortes e palpação de carcaças durante o processo de inspeção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar, por meio de ensaios laboratoriais, a transferência de Salmonella Typhimurium DT 177 entre faca e carne suína, para subsidiar análises futuras aplicadas ao processo de abate. Foram conduzidas observações independentes e aleatórias da transferência de uma cepa de S. Typhimurium resistente a Ampicilina (AmpR), entre faca e carne suína, as quais formaram quatro coleções de dados: Coleção de dados A: transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de faca contaminada para porção de carne suína cortada uma vez (n=20); Coleção de dados B: transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de faca contaminada para porção de carne suína cortada cinco vezes no mesmo lugar (n=20); Coleção de dados C: Transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de porção de carne suína contaminada para faca após execução de um corte (n=20); Coleção de dados D: Transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de porção de carne suína contaminada para faca após execução de cinco cortes no mesmo lugar (n=20). As bactérias transferidas foram quantificadas na lâmina da faca e na superfície da carne, a porcentagem de transferência foi calculada em todas as coleções de dados. As porcentagens de transferência entre as coleções de dados foram comparadas por meio de teste t para amostras independentes usando o programa R Core Team. As percentagens médias de transferência na coleção de dados A e B foram de 6,26% (4,7% – 7,7%) e 8,32% (6,4% - 10,2%). Nas coleções de dados C e D, as percentagens médias de transferência foram, respectivamente, 0,42% (0,3% - 0,5%) e 0,3% (0,2% - 0,4%). Não houve diferença significativa entre as percentagens de transferência após um e cinco cortes consecutivos. A partir disso, conclui-se que há transferência de S. Typhimurium da faca para a carne suína, bem como da carne suína para a faca. A porcentagem de transferência da carne suína contaminada para a faca é baixa, ao passo que a faca contaminada transfere alta percentagem do total de células de S. Typhimurium que carreia, durante a realização dos cortes.Cross-contamination by Salmonella spp. during the pig slaughtering process contributes to increase the prevalence of positive carcasses in pre-chilling. One of the factors that may contribute to cross-contamination is the implementation of cuts and palpation of carcasses during the inspection process. The present study aimed to estimate, through laboratory tests, the transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium between knife and swine meat, to support future analyzes applied to the slaughter process. Independent and random observations of the transfer of a strain of S. Typhimurium Ampicillin-resistant (AmpR) between knife and swine meat were conducted, which formed four collections of data: Data collection A: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from contaminated knife to one portion of swine meat cut once (n = 20); Data collection B: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from contaminated knife to swine meat portion cut five times in the same place (n=20); Data collection C: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from portion of contaminated meat swine to knife after a cut (n=20); Data collection D: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from swine meat portion contaminated to knife after five cuts in the same place (n=20). The transfer percentages between the data collection were compared by t-test for independent samples using the R Core Team software. The mean transfer percentages in the data collection A and B were 6,26% (4,7% - 7,7%) and 8,32% (6,4% - 10,2%). In the C and D data collections, mean transfer rates were, respectively, 0.42% (0.3% - 0.5%) and 0.3% (0.2% - 0.4%). There was not significant difference between transfer rates after one and five consecutive cuts. From this, it is concluded that there is transfer of S. Typhimurium from the knife to the swine meat as well as from the swine meat to the knife. The percentage of transfer of contaminated pork to the knife is low, while the contaminated knife transfers at high percentage of the total number of S. Typhimurium cells it carries during cuts

Estimativa da transferência de Salmonella typhimurium DT 177 entre faca de aço inoxidável e carne suína artificialmente contaminada

A contaminação cruzada por Salmonella spp. durante o processo de abate de suínos contribui para o aumento da prevalência de carcaças positivas no pré-resfriamento. Um dos fatores que pode contribuir para a contaminação cruzada é a execução de cortes e palpação de carcaças durante o processo de inspeção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar, por meio de ensaios laboratoriais, a transferência de Salmonella Typhimurium DT 177 entre faca e carne suína, para subsidiar análises futuras aplicadas ao processo de abate. Foram conduzidas observações independentes e aleatórias da transferência de uma cepa de S. Typhimurium resistente a Ampicilina (AmpR), entre faca e carne suína, as quais formaram quatro coleções de dados: Coleção de dados A: transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de faca contaminada para porção de carne suína cortada uma vez (n=20); Coleção de dados B: transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de faca contaminada para porção de carne suína cortada cinco vezes no mesmo lugar (n=20); Coleção de dados C: Transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de porção de carne suína contaminada para faca após execução de um corte (n=20); Coleção de dados D: Transferência de S. Typhimurium AmpR de porção de carne suína contaminada para faca após execução de cinco cortes no mesmo lugar (n=20). As bactérias transferidas foram quantificadas na lâmina da faca e na superfície da carne, a porcentagem de transferência foi calculada em todas as coleções de dados. As porcentagens de transferência entre as coleções de dados foram comparadas por meio de teste t para amostras independentes usando o programa R Core Team. As percentagens médias de transferência na coleção de dados A e B foram de 6,26% (4,7% – 7,7%) e 8,32% (6,4% - 10,2%). Nas coleções de dados C e D, as percentagens médias de transferência foram, respectivamente, 0,42% (0,3% - 0,5%) e 0,3% (0,2% - 0,4%). Não houve diferença significativa entre as percentagens de transferência após um e cinco cortes consecutivos. A partir disso, conclui-se que há transferência de S. Typhimurium da faca para a carne suína, bem como da carne suína para a faca. A porcentagem de transferência da carne suína contaminada para a faca é baixa, ao passo que a faca contaminada transfere alta percentagem do total de células de S. Typhimurium que carreia, durante a realização dos cortes.Cross-contamination by Salmonella spp. during the pig slaughtering process contributes to increase the prevalence of positive carcasses in pre-chilling. One of the factors that may contribute to cross-contamination is the implementation of cuts and palpation of carcasses during the inspection process. The present study aimed to estimate, through laboratory tests, the transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium between knife and swine meat, to support future analyzes applied to the slaughter process. Independent and random observations of the transfer of a strain of S. Typhimurium Ampicillin-resistant (AmpR) between knife and swine meat were conducted, which formed four collections of data: Data collection A: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from contaminated knife to one portion of swine meat cut once (n = 20); Data collection B: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from contaminated knife to swine meat portion cut five times in the same place (n=20); Data collection C: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from portion of contaminated meat swine to knife after a cut (n=20); Data collection D: Transfer of S. Typhimurium AmpR from swine meat portion contaminated to knife after five cuts in the same place (n=20). The transfer percentages between the data collection were compared by t-test for independent samples using the R Core Team software. The mean transfer percentages in the data collection A and B were 6,26% (4,7% - 7,7%) and 8,32% (6,4% - 10,2%). In the C and D data collections, mean transfer rates were, respectively, 0.42% (0.3% - 0.5%) and 0.3% (0.2% - 0.4%). There was not significant difference between transfer rates after one and five consecutive cuts. From this, it is concluded that there is transfer of S. Typhimurium from the knife to the swine meat as well as from the swine meat to the knife. The percentage of transfer of contaminated pork to the knife is low, while the contaminated knife transfers at high percentage of the total number of S. Typhimurium cells it carries during cuts