Ignorancia consciente en el aprendizaje de las ciencias II : factores que influyen en lo que los alumnos saben que no saben

La investigación en la didáctica de las ciencias ha examinado en detalle procesos de adquisición de conocimiento y comprensión del contenido científico. Sin embargo, se ha prestado menos atención a los papeles positivos de la incomprensión o el desconocimiento consciente. Este artículo es el segundo de dos trabajos de revisión y síntesis en los que se analiza el desconocimiento y la incomprensión conscientes de contenidos científicos. El primero se centra en los componentes y estructura de la incomprensión y en este segundo se examinan las variables que afectan al desconocimiento y a la incomprensión conscientes. En particular se revisan y sintetizan estudios sobre el efecto que tienen el conocimiento, las tareas y los criterios de coherencia en la consciencia de la incomprensión, o el desconocimiento de la ciencia, que se manifiesta generalmente a través de preguntas. Finalmente se sintetizan algunas de las implicaciones que tienen los estudios revisados para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias.La recerca en la didàctica de les ciències ha examinat detalladament processos d'adquisició de coneixement i comprensió del contingut científic. No obstant això, s'ha prestat menys atenció als papers positius de la incomprensió o el desconeixement conscient. Aquest article és el segon de dos treballs de revisió i síntesi en els quals s'analitza el desconeixement i la incomprensió conscients de continguts científics. El primer se centra en els components i estructura de la incomprensió i en aquest segon s'examinen les variables que afecten al desconeixement i a la incomprensió conscients. En particular es revisen i sintetitzen estudis sobre l'efecte que tenen el coneixement, les tasques i els criteris de coherència en la consciència de la incomprensió, o el desconeixement de la ciència, que es manifesta generalment a través de preguntes. Finalment se sintetitzen algunes de les implicacions que tenen els estudis revisats per a l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge de les ciències.Much research in science education has focused on the processes of knowledge building and comprehension of scientific content. However, the positive roles of what is unknown or not understood have received much less attention. This article is the second one of two reviews that analyze the nature of what is consciously unknown or not understood about science content. The first paper focused on the components and structure of incomprehension. This second paper examines the variables influencing what is consciously not known or not understood. In particular we review and synthesize studies about the influence of knowledge, tasks, and standards of coherence on the awareness of lack of knowledge or the incomprehension of science, that is made explicit through questioning. Finally, we synthesize some implications of the revised studies for science teaching and learning

A method for sleep quality analysis based on CNN ensemble with implementation in a portable wireless device

The quality of sleep can be affected by the occurrence of a sleep related disorder and, among these disorders, obstructive sleep apnea is commonly undiagnosed. Polysomnography is considered to be the gold standard for sleep analysis. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive exam that is unavailable to a large group of the world population. To address these issues, the main goal of this work was to develop an automatic scoring algorithm to analyze the single-lead electrocardiogram signal, performing a minute-by-minute and an overall estimation of both quality of sleep and obstructive sleep apnea. The method employs a cross-spectral coherence technique which produces a spectrographic image that fed three one-dimensional convolutional neural networks for the classification ensemble. The predicted quality of sleep was based on the electroencephalogram cyclic alternating pattern rate, a sleep stability metric. Two methods were developed to indirectly evaluate this metric, creating two sleep quality predictions that were combined with the sleep apnea diagnosis to achieve the final global sleep quality estimation. It was verified that the quality of sleep of the nineteen tested subjects was correctly identified by the proposed model, advocating the significance of clinical analysis. The model was implemented in a non-invasive and simple to self-assemble device, producing a tool that can estimate the quality of sleep and diagnose the obstructive sleep apnea at the patient’s home without requiring the attendance of a specialized technician. Therefore, increasing the accessibility of the population to sleep analysis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ignorancia consciente en el aprendizaje de las ciencias II: factores que influyen en lo que los alumnos saben que no saben

La recerca en la didàctica de les ciències ha examinat detalladament processos d'adquisició de coneixement i comprensió del contingut científic. No obstant això, s'ha prestat menys atenció als papers positius de la incomprensió o el desconeixement conscient. Aquest article és el segon de dos treballs de revisió i síntesi en els quals s'analitza el desconeixement i la incomprensió conscients de continguts científics. El primer se centra en els components i estructura de la incomprensió i en aquest segon s'examinen les variables que afecten al desconeixement i a la incomprensió conscients. En particular es revisen i sintetitzen estudis sobre l'efecte que tenen el coneixement, les tasques i els criteris de coherència en la consciència de la incomprensió, o el desconeixement de la ciència, que es manifesta generalment a través de preguntes. Finalment se sintetitzen algunes de les implicacions que tenen els estudis revisats per a l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge de les ciències.Much research in science education has focused on the processes of knowledge building and comprehension of scientific content. However, the positive roles of what is unknown or not understood have received much less attention. This article is the second one of two reviews that analyze the nature of what is consciously unknown or not understood about science content. The first paper focused on the components and structure of incomprehension. This second paper examines the variables influencing what is consciously not known or not understood. In particular we review and synthesize studies about the influence of knowledge, tasks, and standards of coherence on the awareness of lack of knowledge or the incomprehension of science, that is made explicit through questioning. Finally, we synthesize some implications of the revised studies for science teaching and learning.La investigación en la didáctica de las ciencias ha examinado en detalle procesos de adquisición de conocimiento y comprensión del contenido científico. Sin embargo, se ha prestado menos atención a los papeles positivos de la incomprensión o el desconocimiento consciente. Este artículo es el segundo de dos trabajos de revisión y síntesis en los que se analiza el desconocimiento y la incomprensión conscientes de contenidos científicos. El primero se centra en los componentes y estructura de la incomprensión y en este segundo se examinan las variables que afectan al desconocimiento y a la incomprensión conscientes. En particular se revisan y sintetizan estudios sobre el efecto que tienen el conocimiento, las tareas y los criterios de coherencia en la consciencia de la incomprensión, o el desconocimiento de la ciencia, que se manifiesta generalmente a través de preguntas. Finalmente se sintetizan algunas de las implicaciones que tienen los estudios revisados para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias

Dwellings, jabuticabas, and affections — trajectories with Sylvia Caiuby Novaes

Sylvia Caiuby Novaes é professora do Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e dedica-se há cerca de 50 anos à pesquisa e ao ensino em antropologia. Entre outras realizações, ela é uma das pioneiras da antropologia visual no Brasil, é fundadora do Laboratório de Imagem e Som da Antropologia (LISA) e editora responsável pela revista Gesto, Imagem e Som. Revista de Antropologia (GIS). Nesta entrevista, realizada por mais de 30 orientandos de diferentes gerações, Sylvia fala sobre sua trajetória, projetos, visão de mundo, suas diversas viagens, o fascínio pelas pesquisas de campo e a universidade. Ao contar sobre sua trajetória acadêmica e pessoal, Sylvia traz reflexões sobre sua relação com a fotografia e a produção de imagens.  Sylvia Caiuby Novaes is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of São Paulo (USP) and has been dedicated to research and teaching in anthropology for nearly 50 years. Among other accomplishments, she is one of the pioneers of visual anthropology in Brazil, is the founder of the Laboratory of Image and Sound of Anthropology (LISA) and the editor in charge of the Gesture, Image and Sound.  Journal of Anthropology (GIS). In this interview, conducted by more than 30 advisees from different generations, Sylvia talks about her trajectory, projects, worldview, her various travels, her fascination with field research and the university. When telling about her academic and personal trajectory, Sylvia reflects on her relationship with photography and the production of images

Novas abordagens para o manejo da Hemorragia Pós-Parto (HPP): atualizações em ensaios clínicos randomizados

A hemorragia pós-parto (HPP) é a principal causa de morbimortalidade no parto, com uma incidência de 1% a 6% em todos os partos, cujo manejo efetivo consiste na reanimação da paciente e na identificação correta da causa específica do sangramento. O presente estudo de revisão buscou avaliar novas abordagens no manejo da hemorragia pós-parto, documentadas por meio de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa realizada por meio da base de dados PubMed, que levou em consideração os seguintes critérios de inclusão: testes controlados e randomizados; artigos publicados no último ano (2022-2023); que possuíam texto completo disponível e que abordassem acerca do manejo da hemorragia pós-parto. Ficou constatado que o uso da tromboelastometria rotacional (ROTEM) foi capaz de evitar transfusões desnecessárias, além de um uso mais razoável de plasma nas pacientes com HPP grave, demonstrando seu efeito poupador de plasma, mas possivelmente apenas uma pequena diminuição na perda total sanguínea. Ademais, verificou-se que o uso de misoprostol com ocitocina foi tão eficaz quanto o uso combinado de ácido tranexâmico e ocitocina em relação à perda sanguínea intra e pós-operatória em comparação ao uso isolado de ocitocina em pacientes de alto risco. Por fim, o consumo de tâmaras diminuiu, de forma efetiva, a quantidade de hemorragia após o parto natural, sendo, dessa maneira, recomendado consumir esta fruta no pós-parto

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Planificación estratégica para el perfeccionamiento de la revista electrónica provincial MediCiego

In order to approach the problems faced by the MediCiego provincial journal, a group of seminars was conducted with editors, arbiters and other social actors related to the publication, The main internal and external forces influencing on the successful development of this journal were identified. Some possible solutions were given, such as the establishment of quarterly training workshops for the publishing and counselling board, the organization of courses of scientific writing, information sciences and research methodology, the making and presentation of an investment project on the journal aimed at obtaining resources to improve the quality of publication and the creation of arbitrage models by which the arbiters may review in a uniform way the different types of articles, among others

Ignorancia consciente en el aprendizaje de las ciencias II : factores que influyen en lo que los alumnos saben que no saben

La investigación en la didáctica de las ciencias ha examinado en detalle procesos de adquisición de conocimiento y comprensión del contenido científico. Sin embargo, se ha prestado menos atención a los papeles positivos de la incomprensión o el desconocimiento consciente. Este artículo es el segundo de dos trabajos de revisión y síntesis en los que se analiza el desconocimiento y la incomprensión conscientes de contenidos científicos. El primero se centra en los componentes y estructura de la incomprensión y en este segundo se examinan las variables que afectan al desconocimiento y a la incomprensión conscientes. En particular se revisan y sintetizan estudios sobre el efecto que tienen el conocimiento, las tareas y los criterios de coherencia en la consciencia de la incomprensión, o el desconocimiento de la ciencia, que se manifiesta generalmente a través de preguntas. Finalmente se sintetizan algunas de las implicaciones que tienen los estudios revisados para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias.La recerca en la didàctica de les ciències ha examinat detalladament processos d'adquisició de coneixement i comprensió del contingut científic. No obstant això, s'ha prestat menys atenció als papers positius de la incomprensió o el desconeixement conscient. Aquest article és el segon de dos treballs de revisió i síntesi en els quals s'analitza el desconeixement i la incomprensió conscients de continguts científics. El primer se centra en els components i estructura de la incomprensió i en aquest segon s'examinen les variables que afecten al desconeixement i a la incomprensió conscients. En particular es revisen i sintetitzen estudis sobre l'efecte que tenen el coneixement, les tasques i els criteris de coherència en la consciència de la incomprensió, o el desconeixement de la ciència, que es manifesta generalment a través de preguntes. Finalment se sintetitzen algunes de les implicacions que tenen els estudis revisats per a l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge de les ciències.Much research in science education has focused on the processes of knowledge building and comprehension of scientific content. However, the positive roles of what is unknown or not understood have received much less attention. This article is the second one of two reviews that analyze the nature of what is consciously unknown or not understood about science content. The first paper focused on the components and structure of incomprehension. This second paper examines the variables influencing what is consciously not known or not understood. In particular we review and synthesize studies about the influence of knowledge, tasks, and standards of coherence on the awareness of lack of knowledge or the incomprehension of science, that is made explicit through questioning. Finally, we synthesize some implications of the revised studies for science teaching and learning