Approche multi-échelles pour l'étude de l'anisotropie induite par le forgeage en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles = A multiscale finite element approach to deal with high cycle fatigue anisotropy induced by forging

Cet article est basé sur l'exposé présenté lors des Journées annuelles de la SF2M, JA 2010, Paris, 22-24 juin 2010. La publication originale est disponible sur le site http://www.revue-metallurgie.orgInternational audienceLes pièces de forge sont universellement reconnues pour leurs bonnes propriétés mécaniques, notamment en fatigue. L'approche proposée ici consiste à intégrer la simulation du forgeage dans le dimensionnement en fatigue des pièces forgées. Le fibrage et le taux de corroyage sont deux caractéristiques principales du forgeage. À l'aide du logiciel FORGE®, le fibrage est calculé tout au long des opérations de mise en forme. Ce fibrage, ainsi que les contraintes résiduelles, sont ensuite introduits dans des outils de dimensionnement pour améliorer la prédiction du calcul de durée de vie en fatigue. Les critères de fatigue actuels, basés sur des modèles isotropes, ne permettent pas de valoriser le sens long de ce fibrage, et par là les pièces de forge, car c'est en général dans ce sens que ces pièces sont le plus sollicitées. Une extension anisotrope du modèle de Papadopoulos est proposée sur la base d'une campagne expérimentale effectuée sur des éprouvettes prélevées à 0°, 45° et 90° par rapport à la direction de fibrage. Une modélisation à l'échelle micro (DIGIMICRO) permet également de mieux comprendre le rôle des inclusions sur les sollicitations en fatigue. La mise en place d'une chaîne de simulation virtuelle globale à l'échelle d'un composant industriel, associée à des modélisations microstructurales, permet de mieux comprendre et de quantifier le rôle du fibrage sur les propriétés en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles des pièces forgées = Forged components are recognized for their good mechanical strength and fatigue properties. The methodology presented here consists in improving fatigue analyses of forged components by accounting for the forging simulation stage. Kneading rate and grain flow orientation are two consequences of the forging process. Using the FORGE® software, grain flow orientation is computed all along the forming process simulation. This grain flow orientation, as well as residual stresses, are then used as input data to enhance the fatigue analysis. Usual isotropic fatigue criteria are usually unable to demonstrate the higher fatigue properties of forged components along the grain flow orientation. An anisotropic extension of the Papadopoulos fatigue criterion is defined here. This extension is based on experimental fatigue results obtained on samples extracted at 0°, 45° and 90° with respect to the grain flow orientation. A numerical modelling is performed at the microscale using the DIGIMICRO software. These simulations give a better understanding on the influence of elongated particles and cluster of particles on high cycle fatigue mechanisms. A virtual simulation chain is set-up to work on real industrial components. This simulation chain, together with microscale numerical modelling demonstrate the positive influence of the grain flow orientation of forged components on high cycle fatigue properties of industrial parts

On the role of particles distribution on damage and fatigue mechanisms

International audienceDamage and fatigue properties of steel grades are often related to particles shape and chemical composition. To understand the role of particles on damage and fatigue mechanisms numerical modelling at the microscale level can be helpful. It is shown here how forging can induce an oriented microstructure (grain flow orientation) that induces anisotropic damage and fatigue behaviour. Then a microstructure builder (DIGIMICRO) is presented to illustrate how it is possible to create a realistic microstructure in an elementary volume. Computations performed within this heterogeneous elementary volume can be used to understand the anisotropy induced by particles shape and orientation

Thermal oxydation during extrusion of polyolefins

International audienceThe thermal oxidation during extrusion of polyethylene was studied under inert gas (nitrogen and CO2) and compared with extrusion under air atmosphere. A strong reduction of degradation rate was found by optical observation and by infrared analyses. A mechanism for the change of color is proposed

Multiaxial fatigue criterion accounting for anisotropy in forged components

International audienceNumerical modelling of fatigue behavior for anisotropic structures has become critical for design applications. This is particularly true for forged components due to the intrinsic anisotropy of the material resulting from the process. The aim of this study is to relate the microstructure scale to the process scale, i.e. the engineer scale. Anisotropy induced by the forming process and the most relevant feature which results from forging, is the preferential orientation of structural defects and grains in the direction of the deformation. Grain flow is modelled using a fiber vector at the level of the representative elementary volume. It can then be used to improve and refine the Papadopoulos fatigue criterion by taking into account fatigue limits for each direction of anisotropy. In practice, it is very tedious to determine precisely these fatigue limits and impossible to obtain experimentally all of them for each direction of uniaxial loading. To circumvent this difficulty, we simulate the problem at the microstructure scale by considering fiber vector as the result of the inclusion and grain orientation. Microstructures are then precisely modelled using DIGIMICRO software. A representative elementary volume including inclusions is meshed and high cycle fatigue simulation is performed. The results can be used in order to optimize the preform of the component before simulation

Advanced numerical method for generation of three-dimensional particles and its application in microstructure-based simulation of fatigue behavior

International audienceThe topology of representative elementary volumes (REV) generated to model materials microstructure is getting more and more complex. This paper presents advanced mesh generation methods used to improve the description of 3D microstructural particles. The goal is to adapt easily the shape of the elements at the interface between the isotropic matrix and embedded inclusions. Two methods are described in this work to generate inclusions: an analytical method based on statistical experimental data and a reconstruction approach, based on tomographic imaging. Sensitivity analyses on meshing parameters are performed to obtain efficient data in order to reconstruct the most representative volume and to perform subsequent accurate numerical computations. As an example of calculations, fatigue tests are chosen to validate the proposed approach

The GenTree Dendroecological Collection, tree-ring and wood density data from seven tree species across Europe

The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios

Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine 2010: III. ARDS and ALI, mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation, weaning, endotracheal intubation, lung ultrasound and paediatrics

SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Effect of aliskiren on post-discharge outcomes among diabetic and non-diabetic patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the ASTRONAUT trial

Aims The objective of the Aliskiren Trial on Acute Heart Failure Outcomes (ASTRONAUT) was to determine whether aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, would improve post-discharge outcomes in patients with hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) with reduced ejection fraction. Pre-specified subgroup analyses suggested potential heterogeneity in post-discharge outcomes with aliskiren in patients with and without baseline diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods and results ASTRONAUT included 953 patients without DM (aliskiren 489; placebo 464) and 662 patients with DM (aliskiren 319; placebo 343) (as reported by study investigators). Study endpoints included the first occurrence of cardiovascular death or HHF within 6 and 12 months, all-cause death within 6 and 12 months, and change from baseline in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) at 1, 6, and 12 months. Data regarding risk of hyperkalaemia, renal impairment, and hypotension, and changes in additional serum biomarkers were collected. The effect of aliskiren on cardiovascular death or HHF within 6 months (primary endpoint) did not significantly differ by baseline DM status (P = 0.08 for interaction), but reached statistical significance at 12 months (non-DM: HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.64-0.99; DM: HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.91-1.47; P = 0.03 for interaction). Risk of 12-month all-cause death with aliskiren significantly differed by the presence of baseline DM (non-DM: HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.94; DM: HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.15-2.33; P < 0.01 for interaction). Among non-diabetics, aliskiren significantly reduced NT-proBNP through 6 months and plasma troponin I and aldosterone through 12 months, as compared to placebo. Among diabetic patients, aliskiren reduced plasma troponin I and aldosterone relative to placebo through 1 month only. There was a trend towards differing risk of post-baseline potassium ≥6 mmol/L with aliskiren by underlying DM status (non-DM: HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.71-1.93; DM: HR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.30-4.42; P = 0.07 for interaction). Conclusion This pre-specified subgroup analysis from the ASTRONAUT trial generates the hypothesis that the addition of aliskiren to standard HHF therapy in non-diabetic patients is generally well-tolerated and improves post-discharge outcomes and biomarker profiles. In contrast, diabetic patients receiving aliskiren appear to have worse post-discharge outcomes. Future prospective investigations are needed to confirm potential benefits of renin inhibition in a large cohort of HHF patients without D

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

The GenTree Platform: growth traits and tree-level environmental data in 12 European forest tree species

Background: Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information. Findings: The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species’ geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients. Conclusion: The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection available