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Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c
- Author
- Abbasi-Kangevari M
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Adambekov S
- Adams RJ
- Aekplakorn W
- Agdeppa IA
- Aghazadeh-Attari J
- Aguilar-Salinas CA
- Agyemang C
- Ahmad NA
- Ahmadi A
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmed SH
- Ajlouni K
- Al Asfoor D
- Al Nsour M
- Al Qaoud NM
- Al-Hinai H
- Al-Lahou B
- Al-Lawati JA
- Alarouj M
- AlBuhairan F
- AlDhukair S
- Aldwairji MA
- Ali MM
- Alinezhad F
- Alkandari A
- Alomirah HF
- Aly E
- Amarapurkar DN
- Andersen LB
- Anderssen SA
- Andrade DS
- Anjana RM
- Ansari-Moghaddam A
- Aounallah-Skhiri H
- Aris T
- Arlappa N
- Aryal KK
- Assah FK
- Assembekov B
- Auvinen J
- Avdicova M
- Azad K
- Azimi-Nezhad M
- Azizi F
- Bacopoulou F
- Balakrishna N
- Bamoshmoosh M
- Banach M
- Bandosz P
- Banegas JR
- Barbagallo CM
- Barcelo A
- Baretic M
- Barrera L
- Basit A
- Batieha AM
- Batista AP
- Baur LA
- Bebakar WMW
- Belavendra A
- Ben Romdhane H
- Ben S
- Benchekor SM
- Benet M
- Bennett JE
- Berkinbayev S
- Bernabe-Ortiz A
- Berrios Carrasola X
- Bettiol H
- Beybey AF
- Bhargava SK
- Bikbov MM
- Bista B
- Bjerregaard P
- Bjertness E
- Bjertness MB
- Bjorkelund C
- Bloch KV
- Blokstra A
- Bo S
- Bobak M
- Boggia JG
- Bonaccio M
- Bonilla-Vargas A
- Borghs H
- Bovet P
- Brajkovich I
- Brenner H
- Brewster LM
- Brian GR
- Briceno Y
- Brito M
- Bugge A
- Buntinx F
- Cabrera de Leon A
- Caixeta RB
- Can G
- Candido APC
- Capanzana MV
- Capkova N
- Capuano E
- Capuano R
- Capuano V
- Cardoso VC
- Carlsson AC
- Carrillo-Larco RM
- Casanueva FF
- Censi L
- Cervantes-Loaiza M
- Chamnan P
- Chamukuttan S
- Chan Q
- Charchar FJ
- Chaturvedi N
- Chen H
- Cheraghian B
- Chirlaque M-D
- Chudek J
- Cifkova R
- Cirillo M
- Cisneros JZ
- Claessens F
- Cohen E
- Concin H
- Cooper C
- Costanzo S
- Cowan MJ
- Cowell C
- Crujeiras AB
- Cruz JJ
- Cureau FV
- Cuschieri S
- D'Arrigo G
- D'Orsi E
- Dallongeville J
- Damasceno A
- Danaei G
- Dastgiri S
- Davletov K
- De Curtis A
- de Gaetano G
- De Henauw S
- Deepa M
- DeGennaro VJ
- Demarest S
- Dennison E
- Deschamps V
- Dhimal M
- Dika Z
- Djalalinia S
- Donfrancesco C
- Dong G
- Dorobantu M
- Dorr M
- Dragano N
- Drygas W
- Du Y
- Duante CA
- Duboz P
- Dushpanova A
- Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E
- Ebrahimi N
- Eddie R
- Eftekhar E
- Efthymiou V
- Egbagbe EE
- Eghtesad S
- El Ati J
- El-Khateeb M
- Eldemire-Shearer D
- Elosua R
- Enang O
- Erasmus RT
- Erbel R
- Erem C
- Ergor G
- Eriksen L
- Eriksson JG
- Esmaeili A
- Evans RG
- Ezzati M
- Fakhradiyev I
- Fall CH
- Faramarzi E
- Farjam M
- Farzadfar F
- Farzi Y
- Fattahi MR
- Fawwad A
- Felix-Redondo FJ
- Ferguson TS
- Fernandez-Berges D
- Ferrari M
- Ferreccio C
- Ferreira HS
- Ferrer E
- Feskens EJM
- Flood D
- Forsner M
- Fosse S
- Fottrell EF
- Fouad HM
- Francis DK
- Frontera G
- Furusawa T
- Gaciong Z
- Garnett SP
- Gasull M
- Gazzinelli A
- Gehring U
- Ghaderi E
- Ghamari S-H
- Ghanbari A
- Ghasemi E
- Gheorghe-Fronea O-F
- Ghimire A
- Gialluisi A
- Giampaoli S
- Gianfagna F
- Gill TK
- Gironella G
- Giwercman A
- Goltzman D
- Gomula A
- Goncalves H
- Goncalves M
- Gonzalez AR
- Gonzalez-Chica DA
- Gonzalez-Gross M
- Gonzalez-Rivas JP
- Gonzalez-Villalpando C
- Gonzalez-Villalpando M-E
- Gottrand F
- Grafnetter D
- Gregg EW
- Grodzicki T
- Grontved A
- Guerrero R
- Gujral UP
- Gupta R
- Gutierrez L
- Gwee X
- Haghshenas R
- Hakimi H
- Hambleton IR
- Hamzeh B
- Hanekom WA
- Hange D
- Hantunen S
- Hao J
- Harooni J
- Hashemi-Shahri SM
- Hata J
- Heap RA
- Heidemann C
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- Herrala S
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- Lozano JE
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- Luksiene D
- Lundqvist A
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- Machado-Coelho GLL
- Machado-Rodrigues AM
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- Maestre GE
- Maggi S
- Magliano DJ
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- Mahasampath G
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- Malekpour M-R
- Malekzadeh F
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- Mc Donald Posso AJ
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- Ugel E
- Ukoli FAM
- Ulmer H
- Uusitalo HMT
- Valdivia G
- Van den Born B-J
- Van der Heyden J
- van Rossem L
- Van Schoor NM
- van Valkengoed IGM
- van Zutphen EM
- Vander Hoorn S
- Vanderschueren D
- Vanuzzo D
- Vasan SK
- Vega T
- Velasquez-Melendez G
- Verstraeten R
- Viet L
- Villalpando S
- Vioque J
- Virtanen JK
- Viswanathan B
- Voutilainen A
- Vrkic TZ
- Wade AN
- Wang C
- Wang N
- Wang Q
- Wang Y-W
- Wang YX
- Wannamethee SG
- Webster-Kerr K
- Wedderkopp N
- Wei W
- Westbury LD
- Whincup PH
- Widhalm K
- Widyahening IS
- Wiecek A
- Wilks RJ
- Willeit J
- Willeit P
- Wilsgaard T
- Wojtyniak B
- Wong A
- Wong EB
- Wong NI
- Woodward M
- Wu FC
- Xu H
- Xu L
- Yaacob NA
- Yan L
- Yan W
- Yoosefi M
- Yoshihara A
- Younger-Coleman NO
- Yu Y
- Yu Y-L
- Yusoff AF
- Yusoff MFM
- Zainuddin AA
- Zamani F
- Zambon S
- Zampelas A
- Zaw KK
- Zdrojewski T
- Zeng Y
- Zhang Z-Y
- Zholdin B
- Zhou B
- Zimmet P
- Zitt E
- Zoghlami N
- Publication venue
- Nature Research
- Publication date
- 09/11/2023
- Field of study
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
- Author
- Abarca-Gomez L
- Abdeen ZA
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Acosta-Cazares B
- Adams RJ
- Aekplakorn W
- Afsana K
- Afzal S
- Agdeppa IA
- Aghazadeh-Attari J
- Aguilar-Salinas CA
- Agyemang C
- Ahmad NA
- Ahmadi A
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadizar F
- Ahmed SH
- Ahrens W
- Ajlouni K
- Al Nsour M
- Al-Raddadi R
- Alarouj M
- AlBuhairan F
- AlDhukair S
- Ali MM
- Alkandari A
- Alkerwi A
- Allin K
- Aly E
- Amarapurkar DN
- Amougou N
- Amouyel P
- Andersen LB
- Anderssen SA
- Anjana RM
- Ansari-Moghaddam A
- Ansong D
- Aounallah-Skhiri H
- Araujo J
- Ariansen I
- Aris T
- Arku RE
- Arlappa N
- Aryal KK
- Aspelund T
- Assah FK
- Assuncao MCF
- Auvinen J
- Avdicova M
- Azevedo A
- Azimi-Nezhad M
- Azizi F
- Azmin M
- Babu BV
- Bahijri S
- Balakrishna N
- Balanova Y
- Bamoshmoosh M
- Banach M
- Banadinovic M
- Bandosz P
- Banegas JR
- Bao KLN
- Bao TQ
- Baran J
- Barbagallo CM
- Barcelo A
- Barkat A
- Barreto M
- Barros AJD
- Barros MVG
- Bartosiewicz A
- Basit A
- Bastos JLD
- Bata I
- Batieha AM
- Batyrbek A
- Baur LA
- Beaglehole R
- Bebakar WMW
- Belavendra A
- Ben Romdhane H
- Benchekor SM
- Benet M
- Bennett JE
- Benson LS
- Berkinbayev S
- Bernabe-Ortiz A
- Bettiol H
- Bezerra J
- Bhagyalaxmi A
- Bhargava SK
- Bia D
- Biasch K
- Bikbov MM
- Bista B
- Bjerregaard P
- Bjertness E
- Bjertness MB
- Bjorkelund C
- Bloch KV
- Blokstra A
- Bo S
- Bobak M
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- Boggia JG
- Boissonnet CP
- Bojesen SE
- Boker LK
- Bongard V
- Bonilla-Vargas A
- Bopp M
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- Boyer CB
- Braeckman L
- Brajkovich I
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- Brito M
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- Bueno G
- Bueno-de-Mesquita HB
- Bugge A
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- Carrillo-Larco RM
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- Chadjigeorgiou CA
- Chamukuttan S
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- Cheng CY
- Cheraghian B
- Chetrit A
- Chien KL
- Chiolero A
- Chiou ST
- Chirita-Emandi A
- Chirlaque MD
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- Dennison E
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- Faeh D
- Fakhretdinova AA
- Fall CH
- Faramarzi E
- Farjam M
- Farzadfar F
- Fattahi MR
- Fawwad A
- Felix SB
- Felix-Redondo FJ
- Ferguson TS
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- Fernandez-Berges D
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- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 28/10/2022
- Field of study
Background: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories.Methods: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age.Findings: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran.Interpretation: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings.Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier.</p
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
- Author
- Abarca-Gomez L
- Abdeen ZA
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Acosta-Cazares B
- Adams RJ
- Aekplakorn W
- Afsana K
- Afzal S
- Agdeppa IA
- Aghazadeh-Attari J
- Aguilar-Salinas CA
- Agyemang C
- Ahmad NA
- Ahmadi A
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadizar F
- Ahmed SH
- Ahrens W
- Ajlouni K
- Al Nsour M
- Al-Raddadi R
- Alarouj M
- AlBuhairan F
- AlDhukair S
- Ali MM
- Alkandari A
- Alkerwi A
- Allin K
- Aly E
- Amarapurkar DN
- Amougou N
- Amouyel P
- Andersen LB
- Anderssen SA
- Andre Moura-dos-Santos M
- Anjana RM
- Ansari-Moghaddam A
- Ansong D
- Aounallah-Skhiri H
- Araujo J
- Ariansen I
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- Assah FK
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- Auvinen J
- Avdicova M
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- Azmin M
- Babu BV
- Bahijri S
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- Yiallouros PK
- Yoosefi M
- Yoshihara A
- You S-L
- Younger-Coleman NO
- Yusoff AF
- Yusoff MFM
- Zainuddin AA
- Zakavi SR
- Zamani F
- Zambon S
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- Zdrojewski T
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- Zuniga Cisneros J
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Funding WHO
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- Author
- Abarca-Gomez L
- Abdeen ZA
- Abdrakhmanova S
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Acosta-Cazares B
- Adams RJ
- Aekplakorn W
- Afsana K
- Agdeppa IA
- Aguilar-Salinas CA
- Agyemang C
- Ahmad MH
- Ahmad NA
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadvand A
- Ahrens W
- Ajlouni K
- Al Nsour M
- Al-Hazzaa HM
- Al-Othman AR
- Al-Raddadi R
- AlBuhairan F
- AlDhukair S
- Ali MM
- Ali O
- Alkerwi A
- Alvarez-Pedrerol M
- Aly E
- Amarapurkar DN
- Amouyel P
- Amuzu A
- Anderssen SA
- Angquist LH
- Anjana RM
- Ansari-Moghaddam A
- Anselmo Olinto MT
- Aounallah-Skhiri H
- Araujo J
- Ariansen I
- Aris T
- Arku RE
- Arlappa N
- Aryal KK
- Aspelund T
- Assah FK
- Assuncao MCF
- Aung MS
- Auvinen J
- Avdicova M
- Azevedo A
- Azizi F
- Azmin M
- Babu BV
- Baharudin A
- Bahijri S
- Baker JL
- Balakrishna N
- Bamoshmoosh M
- Banach M
- Bandosz P
- Banegas JR
- Barbagallo CM
- Barcelo A
- Barkat A
- Barros AJD
- Barros MVG
- Bata I
- Batieha AM
- Batista RL
- Battakova Z
- Batyrbek A
- Baur LA
- Beaglehole R
- Bebakar WMW
- Bel-Serrat S
- Ben Romdhane H
- Benedics J
- Benet M
- Bennett JE
- Bentham J
- Berkinbayev S
- Bernabe-Ortiz A
- Bernotiene G
- Bettiol H
- Bhagyalaxmi A
- Bharadwaj S
- Bhargava SK
- Bhutta ZA
- Bi H
- Bi Y
- Biehl A
- Bikbov M
- Bista B
- Bixby H
- Bjelica DJ
- Bjerregaard P
- Bjertness E
- Bjertness MB
- Bjorkelund C
- Blokstra A
- Bo L
- Bo S
- Bobak M
- Boddy LM
- Boehm BO
- Boeing H
- Boggia JG
- Boissonnet CP
- Bonaccio M
- Bongard V
- Bopp M
- Borchini R
- Borghs H
- Bovet P
- Braeckevelt L
- Braeckman L
- Bragt MCE
- Brajkovich I
- Branca F
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- Zhussupov B
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- Zuniga Cisneros J
- Publication venue
- NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
- Publication date
- 09/05/2019
- Field of study
Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities. This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity. Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017—and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions—was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing—and in some countries reversal—of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development
- Author
- Abarca-Gómez L
- Abdeen ZA
- Abdrakhmanova S
- Abdul Rahim HF
- Abdurrahmonova Z
- Abril GL
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Acosta-Cazares B
- Adam I
- Adamczyk M
- Adams RJ
- Adu-Afarwuah S
- Aekplakorn W
- Afsana K
- Afzal S
- Agbor VN
- Agdeppa IA
- Aghazadeh-Attari J
- Aguenaou H
- Aguilar-Salinas CA
- Agyemang C
- Ahmad MH
- Ahmad NA
- Ahmadi A
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmed I
- Ahmed SH
- Ahrens W
- Aitmurzaeva G
- Ajlouni K
- Al Hourani HM
- Al Qaoud NM
- Al-Hazzaa HM
- Al-Lahou B
- Al-Raddadi R
- Alarouj M
- AlBuhairan F
- AlDhukair S
- Aldwairji MA
- Alexius S
- Ali MM
- Alkandari A
- Alkerwi A
- Alkhatib BM
- Allin K
- Alvarez-Pedrerol M
- Aly E
- Amarapurkar DN
- Amoah J
- Amougou N
- Amouyel P
- Andersen LB
- Anderssen SA
- Androutsos O
- Anjana RM
- Ansari-Moghaddam A
- Anufrieva E
- Aounallah-Skhiri H
- Araújo J
- Ariansen I
- Aris T
- Arku RE
- Arlappa N
- Aryal KK
- Aseffa N
- Aspelund T
- Assah FK
- Assembekov B
- Assunção MCF
- Aung MS
- Auvinen J
- Avdičová M
- Avi S
- Azevedo A
- Azimi-Nezhad M
- Azizi F
- Azmin M
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- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults
- Author
- Aarestrup J
- Abarca-Gómez L
- Abbasi-Kangevari M
- Abdeen ZA
- Abdrakhmanova S
- Abdul Ghaffar S
- Abdul Rahim HF
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- Pfeiffer N
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- Twig G
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- Tzala E
- Tzotzas T
- Tzourio C
- Udoji N
- Ueda P
- Ugel E
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- Ulmer H
- Unal B
- Usupova Z
- Uusitalo HMT
- Uysal N
- Vaitkeviciute J
- Valdivia G
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- Van der Heyden J
- van der Schouw YT
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- Van Lippevelde W
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- Van Schoor NM
- van Valkengoed IGM
- Vanderschueren D
- Vanuzzo D
- Varbo A
- Varela-Moreiras G
- Vargas LN
- Varona-Pérez P
- Vasan SK
- Vasques DG
- Vatasescu R
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- Velasquez-Melendez G
- Velika B
- Verloigne M
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- Vioque J
- Viriyautsahakul N
- Virtanen JK
- Visser M
- Visvikis-Siest S
- Viswanathan B
- Vladulescu M
- Vlasoff T
- Vocanec D
- Vollenweider P
- Vourli G
- Voutilainen A
- Vrijheid M
- Vrijkotte TGM
- Vuletić S
- Völzke H
- Wade AN
- Waldhör T
- Walton J
- Wambiya EOA
- Wan Bebakar WM
- Wan Mohamud WN
- Wanderley Júnior RDS
- Wang C
- Wang H
- Wang L
- Wang M-D
- Wang N
- Wang Q
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- Wang Y-W
- Wang YX
- Wannamethee SG
- Wareham N
- Wartha O
- Weber A
- Webster-Kerr K
- Wedderkopp N
- Weghuber D
- Wei W
- Weres A
- Werner B
- Westbury LD
- Whincup PH
- Wichstrøm L
- Wickramasinghe K
- Widhalm K
- Widyahening IS
- Wild PS
- Wilks RJ
- Willeit J
- Willeit P
- Williams J
- Wilsgaard T
- Wirth JP
- Więcek A
- Wojtyniak B
- Woldeyohannes M
- Wolf K
- Wong A
- Wong EB
- Wong JE
- Wong TY
- Wong-McClure RA
- Woo J
- Woodward M
- Wu FC
- Wu H-Y
- Wu J
- Wu LJ
- Wu S
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- Xu H
- Xu L
- Yaacob NA
- Yamborisut U
- Yan L
- Yan W
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- Yang Y
- Yardim N
- Yasuharu T
- Yiallouros PK
- Yngve A
- Yoosefi M
- Yoshihara A
- Yotov Y
- You QS
- You S-L
- Younger-Coleman NO
- Yu Y
- Yu Y-L
- Yusof SM
- Yusoff AF
- Yépez García M
- Zaccagni L
- Zafiropulos V
- Zainuddin AA
- Zakavi SR
- Zamani F
- Zambon S
- Zampelas A
- Zamrazilová H
- Zapata ME
- Zargar AH
- Zaw KK
- Zayed AA
- Zdrojewski T
- Zejglicova K
- Zeljkovic Vrkic T
- Zeng Y
- Zentai A
- Zhang B
- Zhang L
- Zhang Z-Y
- Zhao D
- Zhao M-H
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- Zhecheva YV
- Zhen S
- Zheng W
- Zheng Y
- Zholdin B
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- Zimmet P
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- Zitt E
- Zocalo Y
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- Zuñiga Cisneros J
- Ängquist L
- Ågren Å
- Čapková N
- Łuszczki E
- Šalaj S
- Ševčíková Ľ
- Żegleń M
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
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Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
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- Abarca-Gómez L
- Abdeen ZA
- Abdul Rahim HF
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Acosta-Cazares B
- Adams RJ
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- Afsana K
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- Aghazadeh-Attari J
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- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 11/09/2021
- Field of study
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
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- Baker
- Balakrishna N.
- Bamoshmoosh
- Banach
- Bandosz
- Banegas
- Barbagallo
- Barceló
- Barkat
- Barros
- Barros
- Bata
- Batieha
- Batista
- Battakova
- Batyrbek
- Baur L. A. q
- bb Amuzu
- Beaglehole
- Bel-Serrat
- Ben Romdhane
- Benedics
- Benet
- Bentham J. b
- Berkinbayev
- Bernabe-Ortiz A. i
- Bernotiene
- Bettiol
- Bhagyalaxmi
- Bharadwaj
- Bhargava
- Bhutta Z. A. j
- Bi
- Bi
- Biehl
- Bika Lele
- Bikbov
- Bista
- Bixby H. a
- Bjelica
- Bjerregaard
- Bjertness
- Björkelund
- Blokstra
- Bo
- Bobak
- Boddy
- Boehm
- Boeing
- Boggia
- Boissonnet
- Bonaccio
- Bongard
- Bopp
- Borchini
- Borghs
- br Jasienska
- Braeckevelt
- Braeckman
- Bragt
- Brajkovich
- Branca F. e
- Breckenkamp
- Breda
- Brenner
- Brewster
- Brian
- Brinduse
- Bruno
- Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Bugge
- Buoncristiano
- Burazeri
- Burns
- C. -A. tr
- C. -J. ey
- C. -Y. ew
- C. a Stevens
- C. A. aj
- C. A. ak
- C. A. er
- C. A. jl
- C. al
- C. B. sm
- C. ck
- C. dc
- C. dr
- C. eb
- C. eg
- C. ei
- C. fu
- C. fy
- C. G. bp
- C. ge
- C. gq
- C. gs
- C. H. fu
- C. hm
- C. J. d Bennett
- C. K. pa
- C. L. eg
- C. L. nf
- C. M. cb
- C. M. ke
- C. M. qj
- C. mr
- C. N. go
- C. ns
- C. O. nn
- C. P. dk
- C. Q. kz
- C. ql
- C. S. ot
- C. sb
- C. si
- C. T. bf
- C. T. pu
- C. th
- C. ti
- Cabrera de León
- Cacciottolo
- Cai
- Cama
- Cameron
- Camolas
- Can
- Can
- Capanzana
- Capuano
- Capuano
- Cardoso
- Carlsson
- Carmuega
- Carvalho
- Casanueva
- Casas
- Caserta
- Cañete
- Celikcan
- Censi
- Cesar
- Chamukuttan
- Chan
- Chan Q. a
- Chaturvedi
- Chaturvedi
- Che Abdul Rahim
- Chen
- Chen
- Chen
- Chen
- Cheng
- Cheng Y. J. h
- Chetrit
- Chikova-Iscener
- Chiolero
- Chiou
- Chirita-Emandi A. o
- Chirlaque
- Cho
- Cho
- Christensen
- Christofaro
- Chudek
- Cifkova
- Cinteza
- Claessens
- Clarke
- Clays
- Concin
- Confortin
- Cooper
- Coppinger
- Costanzo
- Cottel
- Cowell C. q
- Craig
- Crampin
- Crujeiras
- Cruz
- Cucu
- Cui
- Cândido
- D. A. im
- D. A. S. ft
- D. A. sq
- D. bf
- D. bu
- D. cb
- D. co
- D. df
- D. dn
- D. dr
- D. dr
- D. fq
- D. fv
- D. fx
- D. G. fk
- D. gq
- D. gs
- D. hc
- D. hg
- D. hj
- D. hk
- D. ic
- D. if
- D. ip
- D. iv
- D. iz
- D. J. cy
- D. J. nv
- D. jn
- D. js
- D. K. hu
- D. kj
- D. mj
- D. N. az
- D. nd
- D. nk
- D. ns
- D. ou
- D. P. le
- D. qp
- D. qs
- D. rb
- D. ue
- D. uu
- D. vc
- D. W. tb
- da Bjertness
- Dallongeville
- Damasceno
- Damsgaard
- Dankner
- Dantoft
- Dasgupta
- Dastgiri
- Dauchet
- Davletov
- De Backer
- De Bacquer
- De Curtis
- de Gaetano
- De Henauw
- de Oliveira
- De Ridder
- de Rooij
- De Smedt
- Deepa
- Deev
- Dehghan
- Delisle
- Delpeuch
- Dennison
- Deschamps
- Dhana
- Dhimal
- Di Castelnuovo
- Di Cesare
- Dias-da-Costa
- Diaz
- Dika Z. g
- Djalalinia
- Do
- Dobson
- Donati
- Donfrancesco
- Donoso
- Dorobantu
- Dorosty
- Doua
- Drygas
- Duan
- Duante
- Duda
- Duleva
- Dulskiene
- Dumith
- Dzerve
- Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk
- Döring
- D’Arrigo
- d’Orsi
- E. A. pb
- E. aj
- E. am
- E. ay
- E. B. ol
- E. be
- E. bo
- E. bt
- E. bw
- E. by
- E. C. cv
- E. ca
- E. db
- E. dr
- E. E. gz
- E. E. K. na
- E. E. uf
- E. em
- E. eo
- E. es
- E. F. jb
- E. fe
- E. fp
- E. ft
- E. fu
- E. gx
- E. hr
- E. in
- E. J. lr
- E. ja
- E. ku
- E. L. bf
- E. li
- E. ls
- E. M. hr
- E. M. ie
- E. M. oh
- E. mn
- E. nl
- E. nw
- E. O. hf
- E. ob
- E. oe
- E. oj
- E. qc
- E. qn
- E. S. na
- E. sg
- Eddie
- Egbagbe
- Eggertsen
- Eiben
- Ekelund
- El Ati
- Eldemire-Shearer
- Eliasen
- Elliott P. a
- Engle-Stone
- Erasmus
- Erem
- Eriksen
- Eriksson
- Escobedo-de la Peña
- Evans
- Ezzati M.
- F. A. M. ug
- F. am
- F. am
- F. aq
- F. ba
- F. bu
- F. bu
- F. C. qg
- F. ca
- F. D. hx
- F. dn
- F. el
- F. ez
- F. F. eq
- F. fq
- F. gi
- F. gk
- F. hh
- F. hm
- F. id
- F. J. dn
- F. J. hi
- F. K. bo
- F. M. qo
- F. pt
- F. qr
- F. rc
- F. rd
- F. rx
- F. tt
- F. uc
- F. va
- F. Z. mt
- Faeh
- Fall
- Farrugia Sant’Angelo
- Farzadfar
- Fattahi
- Felix-Redondo
- Ferguson
- Fernandes
- Fernández-Bergés
- Ferrante
- Ferrari
- Ferreccio
- Ferrer
- Ferrieres
- Fijalkowska
- Fink
- Flores
- fn Cilia
- Foo
- Forslund
- Forsner
- Fouad
- Francis
- Franco
- Franco
- Frontera
- Fuchs
- Fuchs
- Fujita
- Furusawa
- Föger
- G. A. e Rodriguez-Martinez
- G. aj
- G. B. M. os
- G. co
- G. cu
- G. cw
- G. de
- G. de
- G. dl
- G. dr
- G. ea
- G. ei
- G. ej
- G. fs
- G. ga
- G. ha
- G. hm
- G. ho
- G. hw
- G. id
- G. ij
- G. il
- G. iy
- G. jp
- G. ki
- G. kx
- G. l Bovet
- G. L. L. nr
- G. mw
- G. ph
- G. pq
- G. qb
- G. R. bv
- G. R. dx
- G. S. to
- G. sg
- G. tq
- G. um
- Gaciong
- Gafencu M. o
- Galeone
- Galvano
- Gao
- Garcia-de-la-Hera
- Gareta
- Garnett S. P. q
- Gaspoz
- Gasull
- Gates
- Gazzinelli
- Geiger
- Geleijnse
- Ghanbari
- Ghasemi
- Ghasemian
- Gheorghe-Fronea
- Giampaoli
- Gianfagna
- Giovannelli
- Gironella
- Giwercman
- Godos
- Gogen
- Goldsmith
- Goltzman
- Gonzalez
- Gonzalez-Chica
- Gonzalez-Gross
- González-Leon
- González-Rivas
- González-Villalpando
- Gonçalves
- Gottrand
- Graff-Iversen
- Grafnetter
- Grajda
- Grammatikopoulou
- Graça
- Gregg E. W. h
- Gregor
- Grodzicki
- Grosso
- Gruden
- Grøntved
- Gu
- Gualdi-Russo
- Gudmundsson
- Gudnason
- Guerrero
- Guessous
- Guimaraes
- Gulliford
- Gunnlaugsdottir
- Gunter
- Guo
- Guo
- Gupta
- Gupta
- Gureje
- Gurzkowska
- Gutierrez
- Gutzwiller
- H. -H. nh
- H. -K. jz
- H. -M. nl
- H. am
- H. B. dd
- H. bi
- H. bp
- H. C. G. lr
- H. cg
- H. cl
- H. cp
- H. ct
- H. df
- H. di
- H. dp
- H. dw
- H. E. db
- H. ee
- H. en
- H. fa
- H. fs
- H. fs
- H. gh
- H. K. ex
- H. K. hf
- H. lw
- H. M. as
- H. M. ay
- H. M. T. ui
- H. mp
- H. ms
- H. nn
- H. pr
- H. qz
- H. rh
- H. S. mk
- H. S. sj
- H. su
- H. T. P. go
- H. ta
- H. tl
- H. ux
- Hadaegh
- Hadjigeorgiou
- Haghshenas
- Halkjær
- Hambleton I. R. p
- Hardy
- Hari Kumar
- Hata
- Haugsgjerd
- Hayes A. J. q
- He
- He
- Heidinger-Felso
- Heinen
- Hejgaard
- Hendriks
- Henriques
- Hernandez Cadena
- Herrala
- Herrera
- Herter-Aeberli
- Heshmat
- Hill
- Ho
- Ho
- Hobbs
- Hofman
- Hopman
- Horimoto
- Hormiga
- Horta
- Houti
- Howitt C. p
- hp Fischer
- Htay
- Htet
- Htike
- Hu
- Huerta
- Huhtaniemi I. T. a
- Huidumac Petrescu
- Huisman
- Huu
- Huybrechts
- Hwalla
- Hyska
- I. A. aj
- I. bk
- I. cf
- I. dt
- I. G. M. al
- I. ig
- I. iy
- I. jf
- I. jn
- I. jx
- I. kq
- I. kt
- I. M. qu
- I. M. S. L. ds
- I. M. sw
- I. O. bp
- I. O. sx
- I. pp
- I. qm
- I. qz
- I. ri
- I. S. bp
- I. S. uw
- I. sf
- I. tj
- Iacoviello
- Ibrahim
- Ibrahim Wong
- Ikeda N. r
- il Gill
- il Ibarluzea
- Irazola
- Ishida
- Islam M. j
- Ismail
- Ivkovic
- Iwasaki
- J. -B. dm
- J. -M. ig
- J. -P. df
- J. A. eu
- J. A. hr
- J. A. ke
- J. A. tk
- J. ad
- J. af
- J. ax
- J. B. lc
- J. bb
- J. be
- J. be
- J. bj
- J. bk
- J. br
- J. bs
- J. by
- J. C. N. bo
- J. C. oa
- J. cj
- J. cm
- J. co
- J. co
- J. co
- J. co
- J. ct
- J. dm
- J. du
- J. dv
- J. E. a Taddei
- J. E. lh
- J. E. no
- J. E. nv
- J. ea
- J. eb
- J. ed
- J. eh
- J. ep
- J. ez
- J. F. hm
- J. F. op
- J. fb
- J. fl
- J. fr
- J. fr
- J. fv
- J. G. dj
- J. G. hf
- J. G. R. fr
- J. hb
- J. I. oa
- J. id
- J. J. ca
- J. J. jv
- J. J. of
- J. jb
- J. jm
- J. jo
- J. jq
- J. K. ln
- J. ka
- J. ki
- J. ks
- J. kv
- J. L. bw
- J. L. gv
- J. L. sr
- J. lf
- J. ll
- J. ln
- J. ln
- J. lw
- J. lx
- J. ly
- J. ly
- J. lz
- J. M. ik
- J. M. kj
- J. M. kn
- J. M. ks
- J. mb
- J. na
- J. nj
- J. nk
- J. og
- J. P. is
- J. pk
- J. pk
- J. R. ca
- J. rs
- J. S. da
- J. S. gl
- J. S. pd
- J. sm
- J. T. sl
- J. tc
- J. tp
- J. ud
- J. un
- Jackson
- Jacobs
- Jaddou
- Jafar
- James
- Jamil
- Jamrozik
- Janszky
- Janus
- Jarani
- Jarvelin
- Jelakovic
- Jelakovic
- Jennings
- Jeong
- Jiang
- Jimenez
- Joffres
- Johansson
- Jokelainen
- Jonas
- Joshi
- Jovic
- Jr. ce
- Juolevi
- Jurak G. x
- Juresa V. g
- Jääskeläinen
- Józwiak
- Jørgensen
- k Savin
- K. -T. lu
- K. -U. dw
- K. ai
- K. al
- K. am
- K. ap
- K. B. lj
- K. ci
- K. D. K. pc
- K. da
- K. dn
- K. dr
- K. F. bf
- K. fj
- K. gd
- K. gg
- K. go
- K. gt
- K. hc
- K. hf
- K. hq
- K. hq
- K. hz
- K. im
- K. K. bm
- K. K. my
- K. kp
- K. lk
- K. M. av
- K. me
- K. nl
- K. P. pl
- K. pg
- K. qh
- K. sv
- K. sv
- Kaaks
- Kafatos
- Kajantie
- Kalter-Leibovici
- Kamaruddin
- Kameli
- Kapantais
- Karki
- Kasaeian
- Katibeh
- Katz
- Katzmarzyk
- Kauhanen
- Kaur
- Kavousi
- Kazakbaeva
- Keil
- Keinan-Boker
- Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Kelishadi
- Kelleher
- Kemper
- Kengne A. P. s
- Kerimkulova
- Kersting
- Key
- Khader
- Khalili
- Khateeb
- Khaw
- Kheiri
- Khosravi
- Khouw
- ki Zhao
- Kiechl
- Kiechl-Kohlendorfer
- Killewo
- Kim
- Kim
- kl Husseini
- Klimont
- Klumbiene
- Knoflach
- Koirala
- Kolle
- Kolsteren
- Korpelainen
- Korzycka
- Koskinen
- Kouda
- Kovacs
- Kowlessur
- Koziel
- Kratzer
- Kriemler
- Kristensen
- Krokstad
- Kromhout
- Kruger
- Kubinova
- Kuciene
- Kuh
- Kujala
- Kujundzic
- Kulaga
- Kumar
- Kunešová
- Kurjata
- Kusuma
- Kuulasmaa
- kw Pednekar
- Kyobutungi
- König
- L. A. pf
- L. A. sd
- L. A. td
- L. B. bd
- L. B. hy
- L. B. sq
- L. bb
- L. bc
- L. da
- L. dc
- L. dd
- L. dl
- L. dq
- L. dr
- L. dy
- L. E. kt
- L. ep
- L. et
- L. fb
- L. fc
- L. gq
- L. gq
- L. H. bf
- L. H. hs
- L. hr
- L. ii
- L. io
- L. ja
- L. jg
- L. jk
- L. kf
- L. kt
- L. M. al
- L. M. dg
- L. M. e Danaei
- L. M. ft
- L. nj
- L. nl
- L. nm
- L. P. ft
- L. qf
- L. rb
- L. rp
- L. rv
- L. sp
- L. sy
- L. sz
- L. sz
- L. T. bw
- L. tk
- L. tv
- L. ub
- L. ul
- L. V. aj
- La
- Laamiri
- Laatikainen
- Lachat
- Laid
- Lam
- Lang Morovic
- Lanska
- Lappas
- Larijani
- Latt
- Laugsand
- Lauria
- Laxmaiah A. t
- Lazo-Porras M. i
- Le
- Le Nguyen Bao
- Le Port
- Lee
- Lee
- Lee
- Lehtimäki
- Lemogoum
- Levitt
- Li Y. l
- Lilly
- Lim
- Lima-Costa
- Lin
- Lin
- Lind
- Linneberg
- Lissner
- Litwin
- Liu
- Loit
- Lopes
- Lopez
- Lorbeer
- Lotufo
- Lozano
- Luksiene
- Lundqvist
- Lundqvist
- Lunet
- Lytsy
- López-García
- M. -D. fh
- M. -D. sb
- M. -E. it
- M. -L. hq
- M. -R. a
- M. A. gg
- M. A. qa
- M. af
- M. am
- M. am
- M. an
- M. ap
- M. ax
- M. ax
- M. B. al
- M. B. db
- M. B. dl
- M. bc
- M. bc
- M. bg
- M. bs
- M. bu
- M. bw
- M. bx
- M. by
- M. bz
- M. c Paciorek
- M. C. E. ds
- M. C. F. bp
- M. C. hv
- M. C. je
- M. C. sc
- M. ck
- M. cn
- M. cw
- M. cx
- M. df
- M. dl
- M. dn
- M. dv
- M. E. eo
- M. E. ju
- M. E. pj
- M. ei
- M. ev
- M. F. ng
- M. F. y Mohebi
- M. fc
- M. fo
- M. fp
- M. G. ix
- M. G. tm
- M. gg
- M. gi
- M. gs
- M. hf
- M. hl
- M. hn
- M. ht
- M. ie
- M. ih
- M. ir
- M. iw
- M. J. e Riley
- M. J. ep
- M. J. jl
- M. J. tw
- M. jf
- M. jf
- M. jn
- M. jn
- M. jr
- M. K. a Iurilli
- M. K. hc
- M. kb
- M. kk
- M. kl
- M. kr
- M. L. C. a Solomon
- M. L. P. gg
- M. L. pn
- M. L. ue
- M. lb
- M. lk
- M. lt
- M. lw
- M. M. ko
- M. M. T. kh
- M. md
- M. mo
- M. mp
- M. mv
- M. nn
- M. ns
- M. nu
- M. nx
- M. o Punab
- M. oy
- M. pi
- M. pn
- M. pt
- M. qf
- M. qk
- M. R. hh
- M. R. tu
- M. rf
- M. rj
- M. rl
- M. rm
- M. rr
- M. S. bq
- M. S. jh
- M. st
- M. T. A. qe
- M. tx
- M. V. aj
- M. V. G. ce
- M. W. hv
- M. Y. E. te
- Ma
- Ma
- Machado-Coelho
- Machado-Rodrigues
- Machi
- Maggi
- Magliano
- Magriplis
- Maire
- Majer M. g
- Makdisse
- Malekzadeh
- Malekzadeh
- Malhotra
- Malyutina
- Maniego
- Manios
- Mann
- Manzato
- Margozzini
- Markaki
- Markey
- Markidou Ioannidou
- Marques
- Marques-Vidal
- Marrugat
- Martin
- Martin-Prevel
- Martorell
- Martos
- Marventano
- Masoodi
- Mathiesen
- Mathur
- Matijasevich
- Matsha
- Mazur
- Mbanya
- mc Korrovits
- mc Puiu
- McFarlane
- McGarvey S. T. u
- McKee
- McLachlan
- McLean
- McLean
- McNulty
- Md Yusof
- Mediene-Benchekor
- Medzioniene
- Mehdipour
- Meirhaeghe
- Meisfjord
- Meisinger
- Menezes
- Menon
- Mensink
- Mereke
- Meshram I. I.
- Metspalu
- Meyer
- Mi
- Michaelsen
- Michels
- Mikkel
- Milanovic S. M. g
- Miller
- Minderico
- Miquel
- Miranda J. J. i
- Mirkopoulou
- Mirrakhimov
- Misigoj-Durakovic M. g
- Mistretta
- mk Sebert
- Mocanu
- Modesti
- Moghaddam
- Mohajer
- Mohamed M. K. v
- Mohammad
- Mohammadifard
- Mohan
- Mohanna S. i
- Mohd Yusoff
- Moitry
- Molnár
- Momenan
- Mondo
- Monterrubio
- Monyeki
- Moon
- Moreira
- Morejon
- Moreno
- Morgan
- Morin
- Mortensen
- Moschonis
- Mossakowska
- Mostafa A. v
- Mota
- Mota-Pinto
- Motlagh
- Motta
- Msyamboza
- Mu
- Muc
- Mugoša
- Muiesan
- Mukhtorova
- Murphy
- Mursu
- Murtagh
- mv Musil
- Møllehave
- Møller
- Müller-Nurasyid
- N. A. lh
- N. ah
- N. am
- N. C. da
- N. D. pv
- N. D. qv
- N. df
- N. dr
- N. ep
- N. es
- N. gn
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- Omar M. A. y
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- Ortiz P. J. i
- Osler
- Osmond
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- O’Neill
- O’Reilly
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- Rakhmatulloev
- Ramachandra Rao
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- Silva
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- Simons
- Sjöberg
- Sjöström M. w
- Slowikowska-Hilczer
- Slusarczyk
- Smeeth
- Snijder
- So
- Sobngwi
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- Sonestedt
- Song
- Sorić M. g
- Sossa Jérome
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- Spinelli
- Spiroski
- Staessen
- Stamm
- Starc G. x
- Stathopoulou
- Staub
- Stavreski
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- Stehle
- Stein
- Stergiou
- Stessman
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- Stokwiszewski
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- Stronks
- Strufaldi
- Sturua
- Stöckl
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- Sundström
- Sung
- Sunyer
- Suriyawongpaisal
- Suárez-Medina
- Swinburn
- Sy
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- Söderberg
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- Theobald
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- Tjonneland
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- Vanderschueren
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- Vega
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- Velasquez-Melendez
- Velika
- Veronesi
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- Vioque
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- Wanderley R. S.
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- Wei
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- Willeit
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- Yaseri
- Ye
- Yiallouros
- Yngve
- Yoosefi
- Yoshihara
- You
- You
- Younger-Coleman
- Yusoff A. F. y
- Z. A. aa
- Z. ab
- Z. ac
- Z. fc
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- Z. iw
- Zaccagni
- Zafiropulos
- Zainuddin A. A. y
- Zamani
- Zambon
- Zampelas
- Zamrazilová
- Zapata
- Zaw
- Zdrojewski
- Zeljkovic Vrkic
- Zeng
- Zhao
- Zheng
- Zheng
- Zholdin
- Zhou
- Zhou B. a
- Zhu
- Zhussupov
- Zimmermann
- Zuñiga Cisneros
- Ängquist
- Ö. jb
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories