Le licenciement des salariés protégés : processus et enjeux

Documents d'Etudes Dares n° 108, février 2006, 122 p. Rapport mis en ligne sur le site du Ministère du travail http://www.travail.gouv.fr/etudes-recherche-statistiques/etudes-recherche/publications-dares/les-documents-etudes/2006-108-licenciement-salaires-proteges-processus-enjeux-3018.htmlLe licenciement (ou le transfert) d'un salarié protégé ne peut pas avoir lieu sans l'autorisation préalable de l'inspecteur du travail. Cette étude, issue d'une enquête qualitative, analyse, dans une perspective sociologique et juridique, les processus et les enjeux des licenciements de salariés dits « protégés »

Fonctions et usages de la représentativité patronale

D’un point de vue historique, la représentativité en tant que catégorie juridique a été pensée afin de permettre à des organisations professionnelles, tant patronales que de salariés, de signer des accords susceptibles d’extension, c’est-à-dire engageant l’ensemble des employeurs ou l’ensemble des salariés compris dans le champ d’application de la convention ou de l’accord. La reconnaissance de représentativité confère une telle légitimité. Cependant, les fonctions (les missions imparties par le droit), mais aussi les usages (l’utilisation qui en est faite par les organisations ou l’Administration) de la représentativité se sont progressivement élargis : le droit pose parfois la représentativité comme condition pour siéger dans des instances décisionnaires de la branche, dans des instances publiques consultatives ou encore pour participer au paritarisme national et interprofessionnel. En effet, si la représentativité constitue d’abord une forme de reconnaissance vis-à-vis de la profession, elle l’est aussi à l’égard de l’Administration : de facto ou de jure, elle confère une autorité pour peser sur les décisions publiques. De la même manière, l’Administration utilise la représentativité comme un critère de sélection des organisations professionnelles d’employeurs appelées à participer au dialogue social.From a historical point of view, representativeness as a legal category has been formed to entitle trade unions as well as employers’ organisations to sign extended collective agreements, in other words agreements that are to be applied to all workers and employers included in its field of enforcement, even though they didn’t sign it or do not belong to the organizations that actually signed it. Representativeness gives such legitimacy. However, the functions (assigned by the law) but also the habits (uses made by employers’ organisations or by the Civil Service) of representativeness have gradually developed: representativeness is sometimes required to sit on joint commissions belonging to different sectors of activity or ministerial boards or to take part in the French “paritarisme”. Representativeness not only means being recognized by one’s peers, it can also be a way of lobbying: de facto or de jure, it gives authority to influence government decisions. In the same way, the ministry of employment uses representativeness as a criterion to select the employers’ organisations that are to take part in the different levels of social dialogue

De la negociación colectiva al diálogo social : la transformación de las relaciones profesionales en la Unión Europea y Francia

Artículo originalLa noción de diálogo social parece hoy día imponerse en Europa y en el mundo. Esto nos hace olvidar muy a menudo que hace veinte años era marginal dentro del campo de las relaciones colectivas del trabajo. Actualmente el uso de esta noción es, no solamente hegemónico por su reconocimiento legal, sino que también se ha vuelto, del punto de vista semántico, la expresión para designar no un proceso en particular sino el sistema genérico que reúne todos los elementos de las relaciones colectivas del trabajo. Allí operó un cambio radical de la cultura política en el seno de las relaciones profesionales tal como éstas se habían generalizado inmediatamente después de la segunda guerra mundial en la mayoría de los países de Europa occidental: se pasó de la centralidad en el conflicto a la cultura de los partícipes sociales. De esto deriva la instalación de un nuevo modelo de relaciones profesionales que coloca a las organizaciones sindicales en el corazón del proceso de elaboración del derech

Construire l'insertion des travailleurs handicapés : le rôle de la négociation collective

L'insertion par et dans l'emploi des personnes handicapées constitue l'un des volets des politiques publiques. Si la loi du 10 juillet 1987 oblige les entreprises privées de vingt salariés ou plus, à employer 6 % au moins de travailleurs handicapés, elle leur permet de se libérer de cette obligation en faisant application d'un accord de branche, de groupe, d'entreprise ou d'établissement, prévoyant « la mise en œuvre d'un programme (...) en faveur des travailleurs handicapés » (art. L. 5212-8 du Code du travail). Or seules quatre branches ont utilisé cette possibilité (1987-2008). Le présent rapport vise à apporter des éléments d'explication à cette situation, en confrontant les textes avec la pratique, le cadre juridique avec les stratégies d'acteurs, afin, notamment, de mieux saisir les usages des dispositifs mis en place par le droit

Glucosamine sulphate: an umbrella review of health outcomes

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Glucosamine sulphate (GS) can be used as background therapy in people affected by knee osteoarthritis (OA). The knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of GS is of importance since its use worldwide is increasing. Therefore, the present study aimed to map and grade the diverse health outcomes associated with GS using an umbrella review approach. METHODS: Medline, Cinhal and Embase databases were searched until 01st April 2020. An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was carried out. The evidence from RCTs was graded using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) tool. RESULTS: From 140 articles returned, 11 systematic reviews, for a total of 21 outcomes (37 RCTs; 3,949 participants; almost all using 1,500 mg/day), were included. No systematic reviews/meta-analyses of observational studies were included. Regarding the findings of the meta-analyses, 9/17 outcomes were statistically significant, indicating that GS is more effective than placebo. A high certainty of evidence, as assessed by the GRADE, supported the use of GS (vs. placebo), in improving the Lequesne index, joint space width change, joint space width change after 3 years of follow-up, joint space narrowing and OA progression. No difference in terms of adverse effects was found between GS and placebo. In systematic reviews, GS was associated with a better glucose profile and a better physical function performance than placebo. CONCLUSIONS: GS, when used as prescription drug (i.e. crystalline glucosamine sulfate) at 1,500mg daily dosage, can positively affect the cartilage structure, reduce pain, improve function and glucose metabolism in people with knee OA, without having a greater incidence of adverse effects than placebo

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p

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