A note on the incidence of soilborne fungi in six crops used in rotation with potatoes

L'incidence des champignons telluriques a été déterminée dans les tissus immédiatement sous la ligne de sol chez le trèfle (Trifolium hybridum et T. pratense), le pois (Pisum sativum), le soya (Glycine max), le ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivés en rotation avec les pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum). Les légumineuses avaient une incidence significativement plus élevée de Verticillium albo-atrum, Colletotrichum coccodes et Fusarium solani que les graminées. Les pois avaient l'incidence la plus élevée de V. albo-atrum et de F. solani. Le C. coccodes a été isolé plus fréquemment du soya que du trèfle, des pois, du ryegrass, de l'orge ou du blé d'automne. Le Verticillium dahliae a été isolé de toutes les cultures, excepté le trèfle. Les graminées avaient une incidence significativement plus élevée de V. dahliae que les légumineuses. L'incidence du Fusarium sambucinum était plus élevée chez le soya que chez les autres cultures. Le Fusarium oxysporum a été isolé plus fréquemment du soya et de l'orge. L'incidence la plus élevée de Rhizoctonia solani a été trouvée chez le trèfle mais il a été également isolé plus fréquemment du blé d'automne et du ryegrass que du soya et de l'orge.The incidence of soilborne fungi was determined in tissue immediately below the soil line of clover (Trifolium hybridum and T. pratense), peas (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycine max), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in rotation with potatoes (Solarium tuberosum). Legume crops had significantly higher incidence of Verticillium albo-atrum, Colletotrichum coccodes, and Fusarium solani than the gramineaceous crops. Peas had the highest incidence of V. albo-atrum and F. solani.C. coccodes was isolated more frequently from soybean than from clover, peas, ryegrass, barley, or winter wheat. Verticillium dahliae was isolated from all crops except clover. Gramineaceous crops had a significantly higher incidence of V. dahliae than legume crops. The incidence of Fusarium sambucinum was higher in soybeans than all other crops. Fusarium oxysporum was isolated most frequently from soybeans and barley. The highest incidence of Rhizoctonia solani was in clover, but it was also isolated more frequently from winter wheat and ryegrass than from soybean and barley

A case control study to determine the association between Perthes’ disease and the recalled use of tobacco during pregnancy, and biological markers of current tobacco smoke exposure

Aims: It is well established that there is a strong association between Perthes’ disease and worsening socioeconomic deprivation. It has been suggested that the primary determinant driving this association is exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aimed to examine this hypothesis. Patients and Methods: A hospital case-control study (n = 149/146) examined the association between tobacco smoke exposure and Perthes’ disease, adjusting for area-level socioeconomic deprivation. Tobacco smoke exposure was assessed by parental questionnaire of smoking habits during pregnancy, and by quantitative assay of current exposure using the urinary cotinine-creatinine ratio, which is a widely used and validated measure of tobacco smoke exposure. Results: The odds of Perthes’ disease significantly increased with reported in utero exposure after adjustment for socioeconomic deprivation (maternal smoking odds ratio (OR) 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 3.63; paternal smoking OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.46). The cotinine-creatinine ratio was significantly greater in cases, OR 1.63 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.43), suggesting a greater ‘dose’ of current tobacco exposure. Conclusion: An association exists between tobacco smoke exposure and Perthes’ disease but we remain unable to disentangle the association with socioeconomic deprivation

Soil-landscape and climatic relationships in the middle Miocene of the Madrid Basin

The Miocene alluvial-lacustrine sequences of the Madrid Basin, Spain, formed in highly varied landscapes. The presence of various types of palaeosols allows assessment of the effects of local and external factors onsedimentation, pedogenesis and geomorphological development. In the northern, more arid, tectonicallyactive arca, soils were weakly developed in aggrading alluvial fans, dominated by mass flows. reflecting high sedimentation rates. In more distal parts of the fans and in playa lakes calcretes and dolocretes developed: the former were associated with Mg-poor fan sediments whitc: the latter formed on Mg-rich lake clays exposed during minar lake lowstands. The nonh-east part of the basin had a less arid climate. Alluvial fans in this area were dominated by stream Aood deposits, sourced by carbonate terrains. Floodplain and freshwater lakc deposits formed in distal areas. The high local supply of calcium carbonate may have contributed to the preferential developmenl on calcretes on the fans. Both the fan and floodplain palaeosols exhibit pedofacies relationships and more mature soils developed in settings more distant from the sediment sources. Palaeosols also developed on pond and lake margin carbonates, and led to the formation of palustrine limestones. The spatial distributions and stratigraphies of palaeosols in the Madrid Basin alluvial fans suggest that soil formation was controlled by local factors. These palaeosols differ from those seen in Quatemary fans. Which are characterized by climatically induced periods of stability and instability

The source of A-type magmas in two contrasting settings: U–Pb, Lu–Hf and Re–Os isotopic constraints

The sources of post-orogenic A-type magmas from two distinct geodynamic settings are compared. The end of the ca. 514–480 Ma Delamerian Orogeny, southeastern South Australia, was marked by ~ 10 Myr of bimodal A-type magmatism, driven by convective removal of thickened lithosphere. Initial Os and Hf isotope ratios record a heterogeneous lithospheric mantle source, with some input from aesthenospheric mantle. Mafic parental melts fractionated to produce the granites. In contrast, initial Os isotope ratios of the A-type magmas that comprise the ca. 1598–1583 Ma Mesoproterozoic Gawler Felsic Large Igneous Province, central South Australia, record a dominant evolved lower crust component. However, initial Hf isotope ratios from these samples are depleted, indicating a mantle source for lithophile elements. This voluminous, bimodal magmatism lasted for ~ 15 Myr, and ended the Wartakan Orogeny. In both cases the homogenisation of chemical (rheological) heterogeneities, inherited from terrain amalgamation and orogenic thickening, strengthened the lithosphere. The contemporaneous fusion of heterogeneous mantle ± crust may represent a common, stabilising influence on the lithospheric column regardless of tectono-magmatic setting

The ‘Great Decarceration’: Historical Trends and Future Possibilities

During the 19th Century, hundreds of thousands of people were caught up in what Foucault famously referred to as the ‘great confinement’, or ‘great incarceration’, spanning reformatories, prisons, asylums, and more. Levels of institutional incarceration increased dramatically across many parts of Europe and the wider world through the expansion of provision for those defined as socially marginal, deviant, or destitute. While this trend has been the focus of many historical studies, much less attention has been paid to the dynamics of ‘the great decarceration’ that followed for much of the early‐ to mid‐20th Century. This article opens with an overview of these early decarceration trends in the English adult and youth justice systems and suggests why these came to an end from the 1940s onwards. It then explores parallels with marked decarceration trends today, notably in youth justice, and suggests how these might be expedited, extended, and protected

Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function

Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.Medical Biochemistr

Transverse momentum spectra of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at s=900\sqrt{s} = 900 GeV with ALICE at the LHC

The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 900$ GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region $(|\eta|<0.8)$ over the transverse momentum range $0.15<p_{\rm T}<10$ GeV/$c$. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for $|\eta|<0.8$ is $\left<p_{\rm T}\right>_{\rm INEL}=0.483\pm0.001$ (stat.) $\pm0.007$ (syst.) GeV/$c$ and \left_{\rm NSD}=0.489\pm0.001 (stat.) $\pm0.007$ (syst.) GeV/$c$, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger $\left<p_{\rm T}\right>$ than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/390