HOW MUCH DOES IMMIGRATION BOOST INNOVATION?

We measure the extent to which skilled immigrants increase innovation in the United States by exploring individual patenting behavior as well as state-level determinants of patenting. The 2003 National Survey of College Graduates shows that immigrants patent at double the native rate, and that this is entirely accounted for by their disproportionately holding degrees in science and engineering. These data imply that a one percentage point rise in the share of immigrant college graduates in the population increases patents per capita by 6%. This could be an overestimate of immigration's benefit if immigrant investors crowd out native investors, or an underestimate if immigrantes have positive spill-overs on investors. Using a 1950-2000 state panel, we show that natives are not crowded out by immigrants, and that immigrants do have positive spill-overs, resulting in an increase in patents per capita of about 15% in response to a one percentage point increase in immigrant college graduates. We isolate the causal effect by instrumenting the change in the share of skilled immigrants in a state with the initial share of immigrant high school dropouts from Europe, China and India. In both data sets, the positive impacts of immigrant post-college graduates and scientists and engineers are larger than for immigrant college graduates.

How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?

We measure the extent to which skilled immigrants increase innovation in the United States by exploring individual patenting behavior as well as state-level determinants of patenting. The 2003 National Survey of College Graduates shows that immigrants patent at double the native rate, and that this is entirely accounted for by their disproportionately holding degrees in science and engineering. These data imply that a one percentage point rise in the share of immigrant college graduates in the population increases patents per capita by 6%. This could be an overestimate of immigration's benefit if immigrant inventors crowd out native inventors, or an underestimate if immigrants have positive spill-overs on inventors. Using a 1940-2000 state panel, we show that immigrants do have positive spill-overs, resulting in an increase in patents per capita of 9-18% in response to a one percentage point increase in immigrant college graduates. We isolate the causal effect by instrumenting the change in the share of skilled immigrants in a state with the state's predicted increase in the share of skilled immigrants. We base the latter on the 1940 distribution across states of immigrants from various source regions and the subsequent national increase in skilled immigrants from these regions.immigration, innovation

Le cadavre à l’intersection du théâtre et du cinéma dans Lilies et Being at home with Claude

Le cadavre offre une analogie évocatrice des rapports entre la scène et l’écran. En effet, le cadavre incarne à la fois la nature imaginaire du cinéma et le caractère paradoxal du jeu théâtral. L’auteur analyse deux adaptations cinématographiques de pièces québécoises, Lilies (1996) de John Greyson et Being at home with Claude (1992) de Jean Beaudin, dans lesquelles le cadavre personnifie la convergence du théâtre et du cinéma. L’article étudie les choix qu’ont fait les cinéastes pour représenter le corps mort ou mourant et souligne comment ces choix démontrent l’aptitude de ces cinéastes à porter un regard perspicace sur le processus de traduction médiatique, et ce, tout en réussissant à communiquer les thèmes principaux des oeuvres originales.This article argues that the cadaver offers an evocative analogy of the relationship between theatre and film. Indeed, the corpse embodies at once the imaginary nature of cinema and the paradoxical quality of stage acting. In his analysis of two adaptations of Québec plays in which the cadaver incarnates the convergence of drama and film—John Greyson's Lilies (1996) and Jean Beaudin's Being at home with Claude (1992)—the author suggests that the choices made by the filmmakers in the representation of the dead or dying body attest to their insights into both the main themes of the original works and the process of adaptation itself

A metabolite-sensitive, thermodynamically-constrained model of\ud cardiac cross-bridge cycling: Implications for force development during ischemia

We present a metabolically regulated model of cardiac active force generation with which we investigate the effects of ischemia on maximum forceproduction. Our model, based on the Rice et al. (2008) model of cross-bridge kinetics, reproduces many of the observed effects of MgATP, MgADP, Pi and H+ on force development while still retaining the force/length/Ca2+ properties of the original model. We introduce three new parameters to account for the competitive binding of H+ to the Ca2+ binding site on troponin C and the binding of MgADP within the cross-bridge cycle. These parameters along with the Pi and H+ regulatory steps within the cross-bridge cycle were constrained using data from the literature and validated using a range of metabolic and sinusoidal length perturbation protocols. The placement of the MgADP binding step between two strongly-bound and force-generating states leads to the emergence of an unexpected effect on the force-MgADP curve, where the trend of the relationship (positive or negative) depends on the concentrations of the other metabolites and [H+]. The model is used to investigate the sensitivity of maximum force production to changes in metabolite concentrations during the development of ischemia

Evaluation of Jarosite as a Biosignature: A Comparison of Biogenic and Synthetic Jarosites

The detection of jarosite (K)Fe3(SO4)2OH6 on Mars has been interpreted as mineralogical evidence of acid-sulfate aqueous processes, including putative evidence of biological activity. Terrestrial habitats where acidic conditions occur are environments where microbiota thrive and generate biological signatures. A biotic and synthetic jarosite were produced to evaluate the ability and effectiveness of existing analytical methods to identify biosignatures in targeted geological materials. Using a comprehensive suite of microscopic (light microscopy, SEM and TEM), mineralogical (XRD), spectroscopic (IR, LIBS, Mössbauer, UV-Vis-NIR, and Raman) and mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) techniques, the two jarosites were found to be morphologically distinct. The identification of organic signatures in biogenic samples was masked by the iron-hydroxyl-sulfate matrix, but biogenicity was detectable using SEM and TEM which are not practical on Mars. Jarosite produced in 2-year-old abiotic control medium was similar to biogenic samples indicating that the presence of jarosite is not evidence of life