L’ÉVALUATION INTERNE ET EXTERNE, UNE RÉFLEXION POUR CONNAÎTRE ET DÉTERMINER LE NIVEAU DES ÉTUDIANTS.

L’évaluation est un élément important dans le processus d’apprentissage d’une langue parce qu’elle permet de valoriser et de réguler tout ce qui concerne le progrès des étudiants. C’est pourquoi, au cœur de la Licence en langues, les enseignants ont fait la réflexion de savoir pourquoi l’évaluation externe (DELF / DALF) ne reflétait pas le travail qu’ils faisaient dans les cours  a fin d’obtenir le niveau demandé. Cette analyse est née d’après les résultats obtenus par les étudiants présentant des épreuves externes et la décision de les éliminer comme un requis pour continuer au semestre suivant (4ème et 8ème). Pour commencer à résoudre cette problématique, on a décidé d’analyser comment l‘évaluation est travaillée. On a constaté qu’elle  était abordé de plusieurs façons, et à partir de cette situation deux questions sont émergées Pour commencer à envisager cette réflexion deux questions ont émergé: - Pourquoi la plupart des élèves réussissaient les évaluations internes et échouaient les externes ? , ou vice-versa ? - La formation à l’intérieur des cours est-elle adaptée aux niveaux d’exigence du programme ? Alors, comme une mesure de changement et de renforcement des pratiques pédagogiques, on a décidé d’adopter le modèle des examens de langue française DELF et DALF dans le but de concevoir l’évaluation sommative que chaque période doit être faite pour mesurer ce que les étudiants apprennent dans chaque cours

Grandir en musique chez les jelis du Mande (Mali)

Le parcours de Lucy Durán offre un riche témoignage de ce que l’on appelle désormais couramment l’ethnomusicologie « appliquée », « impliquée » ou « engagée ». Notre première rencontre, en 2007, n’a pas eu lieu dans les couloirs d’une université mais à la World Music Expo (WOMEX), une foire internationale qui constitue un rendez-vous annuel incontournable pour les acteurs du marché international des musiques du monde. À l’époque, Lucy Durán venait de terminer la production de Ségou Blue (2007..

Efecto de la estimulación infantil en la adaptación al nacimiento: un ensayo aleatorizado

Objective: to measure the effect of an infant stimulation therapy (auditory, tactile, visual and vestibular) on the adaptation to postnatal life of the mother-child dyad. Method: an experimental and blind study composed of 120 dyads of first-time mothers and full-term newborns, who practiced breastfeeding. The follow-up was conducted during the first five weeks of life and the evaluation was carried at two different times. Results: the adaptive capacity was measured in two modes. The physiological adaptive mode (activity and exercise and neonatal nutrition) and the interdependence adaptive mode (appropriate affection and proper development); and statistically significant differences were found in favor of the experimental group. Regression models that show the collaborative relationship between mother and child, and their reciprocity in the process of adaptation were proposed. Conclusion: the early stimulation is a therapy with bidirectional effect, because it has favorable effects on the person who administers it; promotes health and prevents illness in the process of adaptation to birth; especially in contexts of vulnerability. It is recommended its teaching to mothers and its application in the home environment. This study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) under protocol number: ACTRN12617000449336.Objetivo: medir o efeito de uma terapia de estimulação infantil (auditiva, tátil, visual e vestibular) na adaptação à vida pós-natal da díade mãe e filho. Método: estudo experimental, cego, que incluiu 120 díades formadas por mãe de primeiro parto e recém-nascido a termo, que praticavam amamentação materna. O acompanhamento foi realizado durante as primeiras cinco semanas de vida e a avaliação foi feita em dois momentos distintos. Resultados: a capacidade de adaptação foi medida de dois modos. O modo adaptativo fisiológico (atividade e exercício e nutrição neonatal) e o modo adaptativo de interdependência (afeto e desenvolvimento adequados); sendo encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas a favor do grupo experimental. Foram propostos modelos de regressão que mostram a relação de colaboração entre mãe e filho, e sua reciprocidade no processo de adaptação. Conclusão: a estimulação precoce é uma terapia com efeito bidirecional, pois tem efeitos favoráveis em quem a administra; promove a saúde e previne doenças no processo de adaptação ao nascimento; especialmente em contextos de vulnerabilidade. Recomenda-se seu ensino às mães e sua aplicação no ambiente doméstico. Este estudo foi registrado no Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR), sob protocolo de número: ACTRN12617000449336.Objetivo: medir el efecto de una terapia de estimulación infantil (auditiva, táctil, visual y vestibular) en la adaptación a la vida postnatal de la diada madre e hijo. Método: estudio experimental, ciego que vinculó 120 díadas madre primeriza y neonato nacido a término que practicaban lactancia materna. El seguimiento se realizó durante las primeras cinco semanas de vida y se evaluó en dos momentos distintos. Resultados: se midió la capacidad de adaptación en dos modos. El modo adaptativo fisiológico (actividad y ejercicio y nutrición neonatal) y el modo adaptativo interdependencia (afecto y desarrollo adecuados); encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor del grupo experimental. Se plantearon modelos de regresión que evidencian la relación colaborativa entre madre e hijo, y su reciprocidad en el proceso de adaptación. Conclusión: la estimulación temprana es una terapia con efecto bidireccional, pues tiene efectos favorables en quien la administra; que promueve la salud y previene la enfermedad en el proceso de adaptarse al nacimiento, especialmente en contextos de vulnerabilidad. Se recomienda su enseñanza a las madres y su aplicación en el entorno domiciliario. Este estudio se registró en Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR), con número: ACTRN12617000449336

Benchmark problems for continuum radiative transfer. High optical depths, anisotropic scattering, and polarisation

Solving the continuum radiative transfer equation in high opacity media requires sophisticated numerical tools. In order to test the reliability of such tools, we present a benchmark of radiative transfer codes in a 2D disc configuration. We test the accuracy of seven independently developed radiative transfer codes by comparing the temperature structures, spectral energy distributions, scattered light images, and linear polarisation maps that each model predicts for a variety of disc opacities and viewing angles. The test cases have been chosen to be numerically challenging, with midplane optical depths up 10^6, a sharp density transition at the inner edge and complex scattering matrices. We also review recent progress in the implementation of the Monte Carlo method that allow an efficient solution to these kinds of problems and discuss the advantages and limitations of Monte Carlo codes compared to those of discrete ordinate codes. For each of the test cases, the predicted results from the radiative transfer codes are within good agreement. The results indicate that these codes can be confidently used to interpret present and future observations of protoplanetary discs.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Responsabilidad social empresarial en medios impresos en los Departamentos del Atlántico y Magdalena (Colombia)

The purpose of the article was to analyze the print media companies in the department of Atlántico and Magdalena and how they appropriate corporate social responsibility within their structures, having as main premise their relationship and impact with their interest groups, mainly the community in general. A quantitative-analytical approach was developed, where the questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. At the same time, the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used in its version 19, as a tool for the analysis of the data and subsequent presentation of the results. These results show a high commitment on the part of these organizations when it comes to establishing policies that promote corporate social responsibility, thus taking into consideration the effects of their actions towards their interest groups.El artículo tuvo como propósito analizar las empresas de medios de comunicación impresos en los departamentos de Atlántico y Magdalena y cómo estas apropian la responsabilidad social empresarial dentro de sus estructuras, teniendo como principal premisa su relacionamiento e impacto con sus grupos de interés, principalmente la comunidad en general. Se desarrolló un enfoque cuantitativo-analítico, donde se utilizó el cuestionario como instrumento para la recolección de los datos. A su vez, se utilizó el paquete estadístico para ciencias sociales (SPSS) en su versión 19, como herramienta para el análisis de los datos y posterior presentación de los resultados, dichos resultados denotan un alto compromiso de parte de estas organizaciones a la hora de instaurar políticas que fomenten la responsabilidad social empresarial, tomando así en consideración los efectos de su accionar para con sus grupos de interés

The circumstellar disk of HH 30. Searching for signs of disk evolution with multi-wavelength modeling

Circumstellar disks are characteristic for star formation and vanish during the first few Myr of stellar evolution. During this time planets are believed to form in the dense midplane by growth, sedimentation and aggregation of dust. Indicators of disk evolution, such as holes and gaps, can be traced in the spectral energy distribution (SED) and spatially resolved images. We aim to construct a self-consistent model of HH 30 by fitting all available continuum observations simultaneously. New data sets not available in previous studies, such as high-resolution interferometric imaging with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) at lambda = 1.3 mm and SED measured with IRS on the Spitzer Space Telescope in the mid-infrared, put strong constraints on predictions and are likely to provide new insights into the evolutionary state of this object. A parameter study based on simulated annealing was performed to find unbiased best-fit models for independent observations made in the wavelength domain lambda ~ 1 micron ... 4 mm. The method essentially creates a Markov chain through parameter space by comparing predictions generated by our self-consistent continuum radiation transfer code MC3D with observations. We present models of the edge-on circumstellar disk of HH 30 based on observations from the near-infrared to mm-wavelengths that suggest the presence of an inner depletion zone with about 45 AU radius and a steep decline of mm opacity beyond 140 AU. Our modeling indicates that several modes of dust evolution such as growth, settling, and radial migration are taking place in this object. High-resolution observations of HH 30 at different wavelengths with next-generation observatories such as ALMA and JWST will enable the modeling of inhomogeneous dust properties and significantly expand our understanding of circumstellar disk evolution.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Linking global drivers of agricultural trade to on-the-ground impacts on biodiversity.

Consumption of globally traded agricultural commodities like soy and palm oil is one of the primary causes of deforestation and biodiversity loss in some of the world's most species-rich ecosystems. However, the complexity of global supply chains has confounded efforts to reduce impacts. Companies and governments with sustainability commitments struggle to understand their own sourcing patterns, while the activities of more unscrupulous actors are conveniently masked by the opacity of global trade. We combine state-of-the-art material flow, economic trade, and biodiversity impact models to produce an innovative approach for understanding the impacts of trade on biodiversity loss and the roles of remote markets and actors. We do this for the production of soy in the Brazilian Cerrado, home to more than 5% of the world´s species. Distinct sourcing patterns of consumer countries and trading companies result in substantially different impacts on endemic species. Connections between individual buyers and specific hot spots explain the disproportionate impacts of some actors on endemic species and individual threatened species, such as the particular impact of European Union consumers on the recent habitat losses for the iconic giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). In making these linkages explicit, our approach enables commodity buyers and investors to target their efforts much more closely to improve the sustainability of their supply chains in their sourcing regions while also transforming our ability to monitor the impact of such commitments over time.UK Global Food Security programme (Project 304 BB/N02060X/1

Effect of Eugenol against Streptococcus agalactiae

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci (GBS)) is an important infections agent in newborns associated with maternal vaginal colonization. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in GBS-colonized pregnant women has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of early neonatal infection in various geographic regions. However, this strategy may lead to resistance selecting among GBS, indicating the need for new alternatives to prevent bacterial transmission and even to treat GBS infections. This study reported for the first time the effect of eugenol on GBS isolated from colonized women, alone and in combination with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (AgNPbio). Eugenol showed a bactericidal effect against planktonic cells of all GBS strains, and this effect appeared to be time-dependent as judged by the time-kill curves and viability analysis. Combination of eugenol with AgNPbio resulted in a strong synergistic activity, significantly reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration values of both compounds. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed fragmented cells and changes in bacterial morphology after incubation with eugenol. In addition, eugenol inhibited the viability of sessile cells during biofilm formation and in mature biofilms. These results indicate the potential of eugenol as an alternative for controlling GBS infections

Genome-Wide Association Study in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers Identifies Novel Loci Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risk

BRCA1-associated breast and ovarian cancer risks can be modified by common genetic variants. To identify further cancer risk-modifying loci, we performed a multi-stage GWAS of 11,705 BRCA1 carriers (of whom 5,920 were diagnosed with breast and 1,839 were diagnosed with ovarian cancer), with a further replication in an additional sample of 2,646 BRCA1 carriers. We identified a novel breast cancer risk modifier locus at 1q32 for BRCA1 carriers (rs2290854, P = 2.7×10-8, HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20). In addition, we identified two novel ovarian cancer risk modifier loci: 17q21.31 (rs17631303, P = 1.4×10-8, HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38) and 4q32.3 (rs4691139, P = 3.4×10-8, HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38). The 4q32.3 locus was not associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population or BRCA2 carriers, suggesting a BRCA1-specific associat

Common breast cancer susceptibility alleles are associated with tumor subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers : results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2.

Abstract Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that common breast cancer susceptibility alleles are differentially associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation carriers. It is currently unknown how these alleles are associated with different breast cancer subtypes in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers defined by estrogen (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) status of the tumour. Methods We used genotype data on up to 11,421 BRCA1 and 7,080 BRCA2 carriers, of whom 4,310 had been affected with breast cancer and had information on either ER or PR status of the tumour, to assess the associations of 12 loci with breast cancer tumour characteristics. Associations were evaluated using a retrospective cohort approach. Results The results suggested stronger associations with ER-positive breast cancer than ER-negative for 11 loci in both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. Among BRCA1 carriers, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2981582 (FGFR2) exhibited the biggest difference based on ER status (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) for ER-positive = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.56 vs HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.98 for ER-negative, P-heterogeneity = 6.5 × 10-6). In contrast, SNP rs2046210 at 6q25.1 near ESR1 was primarily associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. In BRCA2 carriers, SNPs in FGFR2, TOX3, LSP1, SLC4A7/NEK10, 5p12, 2q35, and 1p11.2 were significantly associated with ER-positive but not ER-negative disease. Similar results were observed when differentiating breast cancer cases by PR status. Conclusions The associations of the 12 SNPs with risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers differ by ER-positive or ER-negative breast cancer status. The apparent differences in SNP associations between BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, and non-carriers, may be explicable by differences in the prevalence of tumour subtypes. As more risk modifying variants are identified, incorporating these associations into breast cancer subtype-specific risk models may improve clinical management for mutation carriers