Factores que determinan la presencia de Paramyxovirus aviar -1 en aves silvestres y cinegéticas

Trabajo Fin de Máster: Máster universitario en Investigación Básica y Aplicada en Recursos Cinegéticos. Tema: Enfermedades de las aves silvestres.En este estudio se pretende describir y entender la epidemiología de Paramyxovirus aviar (aPMV-1) en diferentes especies de aves a nivel nacional en la última década. Se analizaron 1194 sueros recogidos entre 2005 y 2014 en toda España pero principalmente en Castilla – La Mancha, de nueve especies diferentes: perdiz roja (Alectoris rufa), faisán común (Phaisanus colchicus), gaviota patiamarilla (Larus cachinans), paloma bravía (Columba livia), paloma torcaz (Columba palumbus), tórtola turca (Streptopelia decaocto), urraca (Pica pica), zorzal común (Turdus philomelos) y cigüeña blanca (Ciconia ciconia) mediante ELISA para la detección de anticuerpos frente al aPMV-1. La seroprevalencia media de aPMV-1 era de 15.7%, identificándose algunas especies como la paloma bravía y los Paseriformes con prevalencias significativamente más altas que el resto. Se observó una tendencia temporal a reducirse la seroprevalencia a lo largo de los años y un marcado efecto estacional, siendo invierno y otoño las estaciones con mayores seroprevalencias, posiblemente ligado a una mayor presencia y agregación de aves invernantes, por ejemplo columbiformes migratorias. Dado el aprovechamiento cinegético y manejo intensivo de la perdiz roja se evaluaron factores relacionados con la exposición de la misma a aPMV-. La seroprevalencia de aPMV-1 en perdices provenientes de cotos en los que solo existen poblaciones naturales es significativamente menor que en perdices muestreadas en granjas y en cotos en los que se realiza suelta de animales. Por otra parte las seroprevalencias de aPMV-1 muestran la misma variación estacional que las seroprevalencias en aves silvestres en general. Mediante la Inhibición de Hemaglutinación (IHA) se observaron títulos medios y altos de anticuerpos hemaglutinantes en perdices rojas seropositivas. Sin embargo no se detectó genoma viral de aPMV-1 mediante RT-PCR a tiempo real en los hisopos orales y cloacales tomados de las perdices. Estos resultados reflejan la circulación continua de aPMV-1 en España y la exposición de la perdiz roja al virus, además de un posible efecto de su manejo sobre esta exposición.Peer Reviewe

Use of wildlife rehabilitation centres in pathogen surveillance: A case study in white storks (Ciconia ciconia)

More than 70% of new human pathogens are zoonotic and many originate from the wildlife reservoir. Wildlife rehabilitation centres (WRC) are an easily accessible source for sample and data collection for preventive surveillance, but data collected this way may be biased. We use white storks (Ciconia ciconia) as a model to compare pathogen prevalence obtained in the field and WRC. We address factors that may affect disease prevalence data like origin, the age group and the “diseased” state of WRC admissions. In this study we compared prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the digestive tract; antibodies against West Nile virus, avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli between nestling and adult wild storks established in different habitats (n = 90) and storks admitted to two different WRC (n = 30) in the same region. When age groups and colonies of origin were disregarded, the mean enterobacteria (E. coli, Salmonella) and viral antibody prevalence of the wild population (n = 90) were similar to prevalence observed in the individuals admitted to WRC (n = 30). However, in fledgling juvenile storks admitted to WRC, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. (13.3%), E. coli showing resistance to cefotaxime (37.9%) and against two antimicrobials at once (41.4%) were more similar to the prevalence in stork nestlings from landfill-associated colonies (7.9%, 37.1% and 48.6%, respectively for prevalence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli displaying, cefotaxime resistance and resistance against two antimicrobials), and significantly higher than in colonies located in natural habitats (0%; 10.5% and 15.8%, respectively). Thus, pathogen surveillance in individuals from an abundant species admitted to WRC is useful to monitor overall mean prevalence, but for certain pathogens may not be sufficient to detect differences between local populations. In addition, the ecology of the tested species and the specific temporal, spatial and age group distribution of WRC admissions have to be taken into account.This work was funded by the projects: RTA2011-00111-C03-02 and ERTA2013-0013 funded by the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA. María Cruz Camacho is a fellow of the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla – La Mancha (JCCM).Peer Reviewe

Challenges for the Control of Poultry Red Mite (<em>Dermanyssus gallinae</em>)

The Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is an ectoparasite which is considered the major pest for the egg-laying industry. The mite hides in crevices and cracks during daylight and feed on the blood of the hens in the darkness. It can also parasitize other bird and mammal species, including man that can develop gamasoidosis when bitten at work or private residences. The control of the mite infestations has relied in synthetic acaricides, but the development of resistances and the restricted list of authorized products make fundamental the development of novel control measure. The combination of alternative control measures, such as monitoring of the mite infestation, plant-derived products, inner dusts, biological control and vaccines, poses as the best way for achieving satisfactory results

Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778)

The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), is a worldwide distributed ectoparasite and considered a major pest affecting the laying hen industry in Europe. Based on available information in other ectoparasites, the mite microbiome might participate in several biological processes and the acquisition, maintenance and transmission of pathogens. However, little is known about the role of PRM as a mechanical carrier or a biological vector in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we used a metaproteomics approach to characterize the alphaproteobacteria in the microbiota of PRM, and variations in its profile with ectoparasite development (nymphs vs. adults) and feeding (unfed vs. fed). The results showed that the bacterial community associated with D. gallinae was mainly composed of environmental and commensal bacteria. Putative symbiotic bacteria of the genera Wolbachia, C. Tokpelaia and Sphingomonas were identified, together with potential pathogenic bacteria of the genera Inquilinus, Neorickettsia and Roseomonas. Significant differences in the composition of alphaproteobacterial microbiota were associated with mite development and feeding, suggesting that bacteria have functional implications in metabolic pathways associated with blood feeding. These results support the use of metaproteomics for the characterization of alphaproteobacteria associated with the D. gallinae microbiota that could provide relevant information for the understanding of mite-host interactions and the development of potential control interventions

A dilated pore of winer in a young Iberian lynx (Lynx Pardinus)

A 1.5-year-old male Iberian lynx born in captivity presented with a 2.2 cm exophytic nodular alopecic mass at the left tarsus medial aspect, before being released into the wild. The lesion had keratinised material protruding through a 1.2 cm pore, forming a cutaneous horn. Histopathology revealed a cystic dermo-epidermal lesion lined by psoriasiform hyperplasia of the epithelium, thicker at the base of the cyst, together with abrupt to progressive keratinization and keratin pearls. The central cystic cavity was filled with fibrillary keratin and ghost cells. Immunohistochemistry for pan-cytokeratin showed strong positive immunolabeling in the hyperplastic epithelium and a weaker immunolabeling at the content of the cyst. A final diagnosis of a Dilated Pore of Winer was made. This paper is the first reported case of a DPW in a lynx and a wild felid

Comparative analysis of Rhipicephalus tick salivary gland and cement elementome

Funding Information: This work was supported by the Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM , Spain, project CCM17-PIC-036 ( SBPLY/17/180501/000185 ), and partially funded by Fundação para a Ciênciae Tecnologia (FCT) under the project PTDC/CVT-CVT/29073/2017 ( UID/Multi/04413/2013 ). Margarita Villar was supported by the University of Castilla La 309 Mancha, UCLM, Spain, and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional , FEDER, EU. Funding Information: This work was supported by the Consejer?a de Educaci?n, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM, Spain, project CCM17-PIC-036 (SBPLY/17/180501/000185), and partially funded by Funda??o para a Ci?nciae Tecnologia (FCT) under the project PTDC/CVT-CVT/29073/2017 (UID/Multi/04413/2013). Margarita Villar was supported by the University of Castilla La 309 Mancha, UCLM, Spain, and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, EU. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)Rhipicephalus spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods, which constitute a model for the study of vector-host interactions. The chemical composition or elementome of salivary glands (SG) and cement provides information relevant for the study of protein-based complex multifunctional tissues with a key role in tick biology. In this study, we characterized the elementome of cement cones in Rhipicephalus sanguineus collected from naturally infested dogs and in SG and cement of R. bursa collected from experimentally infested rabbits at different feeding stages. The elementome was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed the identification of up to 14 chemical elements in the cement, and suggested tick/host-driven differences in the cement elementome between tick species and between SG and cement within the same species. By still unknown mechanisms, ticks may regulate cement elementome during feeding to affect various biological processes. Although these analyses are preliminary, the results suggested that N is a key component of the cement elementome with a likely origin in SG/salivary proteins (i.e., Glycine (C2H5NO2)-rich superfamily member proteins; GRPs) and other tick/host-derived components (i.e. NAPDH). Future research should be focused on tick elementome and its functional implications to better understand cement structure and function.publishersversionpublishe

Metaproteomics characterization of the alphaproteobacteria microbiome in different developmental and feeding stages of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778)

The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), is a worldwide distributed ectoparasite and considered a major pest affecting the laying hen industry in Europe. Based on available information in other ectoparasites, the mite microbiome might participate in several biological processes and the acquisition, maintenance and transmission of pathogens. However, little is known about the role of PRM as a mechanical carrier or a biological vector in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Herein, we used a metaproteomics approach to characterize the alphaproteobacteria in the microbiota of PRM, and variations in its profile with ectoparasite development (nymphs vs. adults) and feeding (unfed vs. fed). The results showed that the bacterial community associated with D. gallinae was mainly composed of environmental and commensal bacteria. Putative symbiotic bacteria of the genera Wolbachia, C. Tokpelaia and Sphingomonas were identified, together with potential pathogenic bacteria of the genera Inquilinus, Neorickettsia and Roseomonas. Significant differences in the composition of alphaproteobacterial microbiota were associated with mite development and feeding, suggesting that bacteria have functional implications in metabolic pathways associated with blood feeding. These results support the use of metaproteomics for the characterization of alphaproteobacteria associated with the D. gallinae microbiota that could provide relevant information for the understanding of mite-host interactions and the development of potential control interventions.El ácaro rojo de las aves de corral (PRM) , Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), es un ectoparásito distribuido en todo el mundo y considerado una plaga importante que afecta a la industria de las gallinas ponedoras en Europa. Según la información disponible en otros ectoparásitos, el microbioma del ácaro podría participar en varios procesos biológicos y en la adquisición, mantenimiento y transmisión de patógenos. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre el papel del PRM como transportador mecánico o vector biológico en la transmisión de bacterias patógenas. En este documento, utilizamos un enfoque de metaproteómica para caracterizar las alfaproteobacterias en la microbiota de PRM y las variaciones en su perfil con el desarrollo de ectoparásitos (ninfas frente a adultos) y la alimentación (sin alimentar frente a alimentados). Los resultados mostraron que la comunidad bacteriana asociada con D. gallinaeestaba compuesta principalmente por bacterias ambientales y comensales. Se identificaron bacterias simbióticas putativas de los géneros Wolbachia, C. Tokpelaia y Sphingomonas , junto con bacterias patógenas potenciales de los géneros Inquilinus , Neorickettsia y Roseomonas. Se asociaron diferencias significativas en la composición de la microbiota alfaproteobacteriana con el desarrollo y la alimentación de los ácaros, lo que sugiere que las bacterias tienen implicaciones funcionales en las vías metabólicas asociadas con la alimentación con sangre. Estos resultados apoyan el uso de la metaproteómica para la caracterización de alfaproteobacterias asociadas a D. gallinaemicrobiota que podría proporcionar información relevante para la comprensión de las interacciones ácaro-huésped y el desarrollo de posibles intervenciones de control

Characterization of the anti-α-Gal antibody profile in association with Guillain-Barré syndrome, implications for tick-related allergic reactions

Humans evolved by losing the capacity to synthesize the glycan Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal), which resulted in the capacity to develop a protective response mediated by anti-α-Gal IgM/IgG antibodies against pathogens containing this modification on membrane proteins. As an evolutionary trade-off, humans can develop the alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS), a recently diagnosed disease mainly associated with allergic reactions to mammalian meat consumption. The etiology of the AGS is the exposure to tick bites and the IgE antibody response against α-Gal-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids. The objective of this study was to characterize the anti-α-Gal antibody response in association with the immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and compare it with different factors known to modulate the antibody response to α-Gal such as exposure to tick bites and development of allergic reactions in response to tick bites. The results showed a significant decrease in the IgM/IgG response to α-Gal in GBS patients when compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, the IgM/IgG levels to α-Gal did not change in patients with allergic reactions to tick bites. The IgE response was not affected in GBS patients, but as expected, the IgE levels significantly increased in individuals exposed to tick bites and patients with tick-associated allergies. These results suggest that the immune pathways of anti-α-Gal IgM/IgG and IgE production are independent. Further studies should consider the susceptibility to allergic reactions to tick bites in GBS patients.This work was supported by the Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM, Spain, project CCM17-PIC-036 (SBPLY/17/180501/000185). MV was supported by the University of Castilla La Mancha (UCLM, Spain) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, EU. IGFM was supported by the UCLM. MC was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain (grant FJC-2018-038277-I).Peer reviewe

Weasel exposure to the anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone in agrarian landscapes of southwestern Europe

Bromadiolone is an anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) commonly used as a plant protection product (PPP) against rodent pests in agricultural lands. ARs can be transferred trophically to predators/scavengers when they consume intoxicated live or dead rodents. ARs exposure in weasels Mustela nivalis, small mustelids specialized on rodent predation, is poorly known in southern Europe. Moreover, in this species there is no information on bioaccumulation of AR diastereomers e.g., cis- and trans-bromadiolone. Trans-bromadiolone is more persistent in the rodent liver and thus, is expected to have a greater probability of trophic transfer to predators. Here, we report on bromadiolone occurrence, total concentrations and diastereomers proportions (trans- and cis-bromadiolone) in weasels from Castilla y León (north-western Spain) collected in 2010–2017, where bromadiolone was irregularly applied to control outbreaks of common voles Microtus arvalis mainly with cereal grain bait distributed by the regional government. We also tested variables possibly associated with bromadiolone occurrence and concentration, such as individual features (e.g., sex), spatio-temporal variables (e.g., year), and exposure risk (e.g., vole outbreaks). Overall bromadiolone occurrence in weasels was 22% (n = 32, arithmetic mean of concentration of bromadiolone positives = 0.072 mg/kg). An individual showed signs of bromadiolone intoxication (i.e., evidence of macroscopic hemorrhages or hyperaemia and hepatic bromadiolone concentration > 0.1 mg/kg). All the exposed weasels (n = 7) showed only trans-bromadiolone diastereomer in liver, whilst a single analyzed bait from those applied in Castilla y León contained trans- and cis-bromadiolone at 65/35%. Bromadiolone occurrence and concentration in weasels varied yearly. Occurrence was higher in 2012 (100% of weasels), when bromadiolone was widely distributed, compared to 2016–2017 (2016: 20%; 2017: 8.33%) when bromadiolone was exceptionally permitted. The highest concentrations happened in 2014 and 2017, both years with vole outbreaks. Our findings indicate that specialist rodent predators could be exposed to bromadiolone in areas and periods with bromadiolone treatments against vole outbreaks.Francisco Díaz-Ruiz enjoyed a postdoctoral research contract “Juan de la Cierva” (ref: FJCI-2015-24949) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and a postdoctoral contract funded by the University of Málaga through the grants programme ‘Ayudas para la Incorporación de Doctores del I Plan Propio de Investigación de la Universidad de Málaga’ (Call 2020). Julio Domínguez was supported by a predoctoral grant: “Programa Talento Formación” funded by Fondo Social Europeo (FSE) and Castilla La Mancha regional government (JCCM) (ref: SBPLY/16/180501/000205).Peer reviewe

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements