The implications of the use of cannabidiol-related products in a safety-sensitive drug testing environment : a medical-legal perspective

Cannabis access laws allow for the use of cannabis in private and the trade, purchase and use of hemp-related products as a complementary medicine and for other benefits. Cannabidiol (CBD) has the treatment potential for several conditions but, with the lack of resources in South Africa to maintain the legislation, products contaminated with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) are sold by some suppliers who do not comply with the legislative provisions in terms of the threshold concentrations for Δ9 -THC. This dilemma complicates a medical review officer’s decision regarding intentional use of Δ9 -THC or otherwise, since a CBD user may have purchased the product legally and in good faith. Hemp- and CBD-containing products were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compliance was assessed for CBD and Δ9 -THC purity against the legislative thresholds. A strategy based on metabolite ratios is suggested to distinguish between intentional or irresponsible cannabis use and legitimate CBD usehttp://www.samj.org.zadm2022ChemistryProcedural LawProcedural La

An integrated approach for increasing breeding efficiency in apple and peach in Europe

Despite the availability of whole genome sequences of apple and peach, there has been a considerable gap between genomics and breeding. To bridge the gap, the European Union funded the FruitBreedomics project (March 2011 to August 2015) involving 28 research institutes and private companies. Three complementary approaches were pursued: (i) tool and software development, (ii) deciphering genetic control of main horticultural traits taking into account allelic diversity and (iii) developing plant materials, tools and methodologies for breeders. Decisive breakthroughs were made including the making available of ready-to-go DNA diagnostic tests for Marker Assisted Breeding, development of new, dense SNP arrays in apple and peach, new phenotypic methods for some complex traits, software for gene/QTL discovery on breeding germplasm via Pedigree Based Analysis (PBA). This resulted in the discovery of highly predictive molecular markers for traits of horticultural interest via PBA and via Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) on several European genebank collections. FruitBreedomics also developed pre-breeding plant materials in which multiple sources of resistance were pyramided and software that can support breeders in their selection activities. Through FruitBreedomics, significant progresses were made in the field of apple and peach breeding, genetics, genomics and bioinformatics of which advantage will be made by breeders, germplasm curators and scientists. A major part of the data collected during the project has been stored in the FruitBreedomics database and has been made available to the public. This review covers the scientific discoveries made in this major endeavour, and perspective in the apple and peach breeding and genomics in Europe and beyond

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Peer reviewe

Krijg je nog rente voor een lied? Stadsdichterschap als eer en verdienste door de eeuwen heen

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Inleiding

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Echte schrijvers zijn niet te koop. Praktijk en beeldvorming van het economisch profijt van de literaire auteur door de eeuwen heen

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Le tourisme durable et la coordination des acteurs dans les territoires : quelle démarche méthodologique ?

The importance of the environmental and ethical questions conduces the businesses and the authorities to integrate them. This integration means reflection and changes in the behaviours. In the tourism domain more and more concertation and coordination processes occur. The process of change has three forms: spontaneous, negociated, or obliged change. Concerning tourism, the number of stakeholders and forms of this activity, the diversity and the diffuse nature of the impacts conduce to privilegiate concerted action. Forms of collective action in favour of sustainable tourism are identified . They have three characteristics: volontary involvement, aims in favour of environment preservation or improvement, linkage between activity and the territory. The forms of agreement are various: labels, charta Which evaluation can be made, and how, of these processes of concertation and agreement?L'importance des questions d'environnement et d'éthique dans le tourisme impose aux décideurs de les intégrer sectoriellement et territorialement. Cette intégration amène les acteurs à réfléchir, à se comporter différemment les uns envers les autres. Dans l'activité touristique, le changement de l'appréhension de l'environnement, le souci d'apporter un vernis éthique, font que l'on assiste à une multiplication des dispositifs de concertation et de coordination. Ce changement peut prendre trois formes : le changement contraint, le changement négocié, le changement spontané. En ce qui concerne le tourisme, la multiplicité des intervenants et des formes d'activité, comme la diversité et le caractère diffus des impacts et des enjeux, tendent à privilégier des dispositifs concertés. Des formes d'action collective visant un tourisme respectueux de l'environnement peuvent être identifiées. Elles présentent au moins trois caractéristiques génériques que nous souhaitons aborder : elles sont fondées sur un engagement volontaire, elles se donnent des objectifs de préservation ou d'amélioration de l'environnement, elles mettent en avant le lien entre l'activité et le territoire. Sous la notion "d'accords", on retrouve des dispositifs de nature juridique variable (labels, chartes de qualité, chartes de territoire). Quelle évaluation peut-on faire, au regard de cet enjeu, des processus de concertation et d'accord, de type " charte ", et comment la faire

Le tourisme durable et la coordination des acteurs dans les territoires : quelle démarche méthodologique ?

The importance of the environmental and ethical questions conduces the businesses and the authorities to integrate them. This integration means reflection and changes in the behaviours. In the tourism domain more and more concertation and coordination processes occur. The process of change has three forms: spontaneous, negociated, or obliged change. Concerning tourism, the number of stakeholders and forms of this activity, the diversity and the diffuse nature of the impacts conduce to privilegiate concerted action. Forms of collective action in favour of sustainable tourism are identified . They have three characteristics: volontary involvement, aims in favour of environment preservation or improvement, linkage between activity and the territory. The forms of agreement are various: labels, charta Which evaluation can be made, and how, of these processes of concertation and agreement?L'importance des questions d'environnement et d'éthique dans le tourisme impose aux décideurs de les intégrer sectoriellement et territorialement. Cette intégration amène les acteurs à réfléchir, à se comporter différemment les uns envers les autres. Dans l'activité touristique, le changement de l'appréhension de l'environnement, le souci d'apporter un vernis éthique, font que l'on assiste à une multiplication des dispositifs de concertation et de coordination. Ce changement peut prendre trois formes : le changement contraint, le changement négocié, le changement spontané. En ce qui concerne le tourisme, la multiplicité des intervenants et des formes d'activité, comme la diversité et le caractère diffus des impacts et des enjeux, tendent à privilégier des dispositifs concertés. Des formes d'action collective visant un tourisme respectueux de l'environnement peuvent être identifiées. Elles présentent au moins trois caractéristiques génériques que nous souhaitons aborder : elles sont fondées sur un engagement volontaire, elles se donnent des objectifs de préservation ou d'amélioration de l'environnement, elles mettent en avant le lien entre l'activité et le territoire. Sous la notion "d'accords", on retrouve des dispositifs de nature juridique variable (labels, chartes de qualité, chartes de territoire). Quelle évaluation peut-on faire, au regard de cet enjeu, des processus de concertation et d'accord, de type " charte ", et comment la faire