Alimentación sin suplementación de fosfato inorgánico desde el destete hasta el sacrificio: contribución a una producción porcina más sostenible

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Debaryomyces hansenii CBS 8339 promotes larval development in Seriola rivoliana

The present study aimed to know the effect of the administration of Debaryomyces hansenii yeast on growth, development and skeletal deformities, through the quantification of molecular and morphophysiological indicators in longfin yellowtail larvae. Larvae from the yeast group were fed with the rotifers and Artemia metanaupli half enriched with D. hansenii (50% of live prey) and half enriched with Origreen® (50% of live prey) and were compared to control (100% Origreen®) from 5 to 30 days post-hatching (DPH). Each treatment had two methodological replicates. Studies on bone mineralization, skeletal deformities, intestinal histological analysis, digestive enzyme activity, differential gene expression (RT-qPCR) and transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) were performed in whole larvae. Results showed that larvae fed D. hansenii encapsulated within enriched live preys had higher survival and growth, higher intestinal mucin secretion, as well as higher activity of alkaline phosphatase, pepsin and α-amylase. The degree of bone mineralization in the cranial and caudal fin complex was higher in larvae fed D. hansenii and a lower incidence of deformities at the vertebral column was also observed. In general, the gene expression throughout the development fluctuated between the control group and the yeast treatment; however, at 30 DPH, a higher expression of the bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (bmp2), collagen type 1α1 (col1α1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) genes was detected in larvae fed with yeast. The transcriptomic analyses using RNA-Seq revealed that the main genes related to bone mineralization degree and digestive tract maturation, were overrepresented in the D. hansenii treatment, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) 24-hydroxylase (cyp24), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A (cyp27a), protein 5 related to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (lrp5), myocyte-specific enhancing factor 2C (mef2), enterokinase (entk), pepsin and alkaline phosphatase. Based on the results, S. rivoliana larvae supplemented with the yeast D. hansenii presented higher growth and survival, a higher degree of maturation of the digestive tract, a higher degree of bone mineralization and a reduction in skeletal deformities, for which the continuous use of yeast is recommended as a food supplement to larvae from 5 days post-hatching onwards.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Changes in the distribution and pest risk of stored product insects in Europe due to global warming: Need for pan-European pest monitoring and improved food-safety

Global warming affects the distribution of stored product pest insects across Europe in a way comparable to field crop and orchard pests. Nevertheless, stored product research has been neglected in Europe and detailed monitoring is lacking. This paper aims to illustrate current knowledge about the movement of storage pests up north today triggered by altered environmental conditions. In addition, it stresses the need for a pan-European surveillance to monitor the distribution, movement and spreading of stored product pests in a rapidly changing environment. Global warming and a growing number of extreme weather conditions may influence on climate and can negatively affect global food security, especially in the case of durable commodities, which are of fundamental importance for human nutrition. It is thus suggested that the distribution of stored product pests within Europe is uniformly monitored and studied by a joint initiative. Furthermore, for additional food safety the World Food Program should receive more support to fund research needed and provide larger food storages in regions prone to agricultural instability. It is also suggested that the missing quarantine/regulated status for the most serious stored product and invasive pests (such as Trogoderma granarium) should be re-evaluated in the EU.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Assessing consumers' preferences for beef and lamb meat linked to wildfire prevention services

Meat from silvopastoral systems, due to its provision of numerous ecosystem services such as wildfire risk reduction in Mediterranean forests, can address societal growing demands for meat produced with lower environmental impacts. Differentiation of meat from these systems may contribute to their economic sustainability and hence to reverse their decline in the Mediterranean. This study investigated consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for beef and lamb meat from silvopastoral systems associated to the provision of wildfire prevention service and explored two alternative ways of labelling this service. Through a choice experiment survey considering type of pasture, length of grazing period, production distance and price, we gathered data from 1209 meat consumers in two Spanish cities. We considered forest grazing with a target purpose as a level in the type of pasture attribute and it was presented either as grazing to prevent wildfires or grazing to reduce biomass in two alternative versions of the valuation survey. The random parameter logit model revealed the highest preferences and WTP towards nearby production distances, followed by targeted grazing and forest grazing, while the length of grazing period was less relevant. No significant differences in consumers WTP were found between conveying targeted grazing either as fire prevention or biomass reduction. Our findings also suggest that consumers' preferences varied with location, attitudes towards local food and environmental role of grazing and consumption habits. Knowledge gathered in our work contributes to understand consumers perceptions on the beneficial environmental impacts of meat production.This research was undertaken within the project: “Silvopastoralism as an adaptation strategy for integrated rural development in the Mediterranean” (RTA2017-00036-C01/02) funded by Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Spain. A. Lecegui is grateful to the European Social Fund for the pre-doctoral fellowship (PRE2018-084779). E. Varela is grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for her senior postdoctoral fellowship. Finally, we are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that significantly contributed to improve the quality of the manuscript.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Unravelling the responses of different apple varieties to water constraints by continuous field thermal monitoring

This research aimed at analyzing the response of apple tree varieties subjected to soil water deficit and atmospheric drought in a field phenotyping platform located in the Mediterranean area. The main assumption of the study was that seasonal and daily stomatal behavior can be monitored by continuous measurement of canopy surface temperature (Ts) as a proxy of stomatal closure. To achieve the study objectives, thermal monitoring of 6 pre-commercial apple varieties was simultaneously carried out throughout one season by nadir-oriented thermo-radiometers placed 1.50 m over the tree top canopy. Two water regimes were applied to each variety during a 4-week summer period: normal irrigation (WW) vs progressive water deficit (WS). The maximum difference in Ts between water regimes was recorded daily between 11:00 and 14:20 GMT, with an earlier closure of stomata in WS trees. During the day, a more negative stem water potential (Ψstem) and a higher diurnal Ts (+1° to +2 °C) were observed on WS trees, resulting in a significant limitation of fruit growth. Tree water stress was caused by both edaphic and atmospheric droughts, in the medium and short terms respectively, with inter-varietal and inter-regime differences highlighting distinct stomatal closure behaviors. Results suggest that some of the varieties studied are well adapted to stressful summer conditions, as long as irrigation needs are met, while other varieties show a particular sensitivity to the mid-day evaporative demand, which may limit their extension. Although these results are not comprehensive enough to predict the optimal performance of varieties under different stress scenarios, the proposed methodology allows to assess the dynamics of tree response to water constraints using non-invasive thermal sensors. It opens up new perspectives for the phenotyping of apple cultivars under abiotic stress, achievable through the quantified study of their transpiration flux in response to stress scenarios. These prospects will require further in planta measurements to dissect varietal differences.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Ecological and evolutionary drivers of phenotypic and genetic variation in the European crabapple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.], a wild relative of the cultivated apple

Background and Aims Studying the relationship between phenotypic and genetic variation in populations distributed across environmental gradients can help us to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes involved in population divergence. We investigated the patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity in the European crabapple, Malus sylvestris, a wild relative of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) that occurs naturally across Europe in areas subjected to different climatic conditions, to test for divergence among populations. Methods Growth rates and traits related to carbon uptake in seedlings collected across Europe were measured in controlled conditions and associated with the genetic status of the seedlings, which was assessed using 13 microsatellite loci and the Bayesian clustering method. Isolation-by-distance, isolation-by-climate and isolation-by-adaptation patterns, which can explain genetic and phenotypic differentiation among M. sylvestris populations, were also tested. Key Results A total of 11.6 % of seedlings were introgressed by M. domestica, indicating that crop–wild gene flow is ongoing in Europe. The remaining seedlings (88.4 %) belonged to seven M. sylvestris populations. Significant phenotypic trait variation among M. sylvestris populations was observed. We did not observe significant isolation by adaptation; however, the significant association between genetic variation and the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum suggests that there has been local adaptation of M. sylvestris to past climates. Conclusions This study provides insight into the phenotypic and genetic differentiation among populations of a wild relative of the cultivated apple. This might help us to make better use of its diversity and provide options for mitigating the impact of climate change on the cultivated apple through breeding.AR and TU were partly funded through project PN2019-2022/19270201 – BIODIVERS 3info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Use of wood and cork in biofilters for the simultaneous removal of nitrates and pesticides from groundwater

About 13% and 7% of monitored groundwater stations in Europe exceed the permitted levels of nitrates (50 mg NO3− L−1) or pesticides (0.1 μg L−1), respectively. Although slow sand filtration can remove nitrates via denitrification when oxygen is limited, it requires an organic carbon source. The present study evaluates the performance of the use of wood pellets and granulated cork as carbon sources in bench-scale biofilters operated under water-saturated and water-unsaturated conditions for more than 400 days. The biofilters were monitored for nitrate (200 mg L−1) and pesticide (mecoprop, diuron, atrazine, and bromacil, each at a concentration of 5 μg L−1) attenuation, as well as for the formation of nitrite and pesticide transformation products. Microbiological characterization of each biofilter was also performed. The water-saturated wood biofilter achieved the best nitrate removal (>99%), while the cork biofilters lost all denitrification power over time (from 38% to no removal). The unsaturated biofilter columns were not effective for removing nitrates (20–30% removal). As for pesticides, all the biofilters achieved high removal rates of mecoprop and diuron (>99% and >75%, respectively). Atrazine removal was better in the wood-pellet biofilters than the cork ones (68–96% vs. 31–38%). Bromacil was only removed in the water-unsaturated cork biofilter (67%). However, a bromacil transformation product was formed there. The water-saturated wood biofilter contained the highest number of denitrifying microorganisms, with Methyloversatilis as the characteristic genus. Microbial composition could explain the high removal of pesticides and nitrates achieved in the wood-pellet biofilter. Overall, the results indicate that wood-pellet biofilters operated under water-saturated conditions are a good solution for treating groundwater contaminated with nitrates and pesticides.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Bile salt dietary supplementation promotes growth and reduces body adiposity in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation using bile salts (BSs) on several key performance indicators like growth and feed performance, fat accumulation and tissue condition in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted in juveniles of gilthead seabream (initial body weight, BW = 44.0 ± 4.2 g) that were fed three isoproteic (44% crude protein), isolipidic (18% crude fat) and isoenergetic (21.4 MJ kg−1) diets rich in saturated fats to favour lipid accumulation. One diet was used as a control and the others were supplemented with graded levels of a BS blend: 0.06 (BS0.06%) and 0.12% (BS0.12%). At the end of the trial, a significant increase in BW and a decrease in the levels of perivisceral fat were observed in fish fed the BS0.06% diet. However, only the BS0.12% diet significantly enhanced lipid digestibility, as indicated by the higher coefficient of apparent lipid digestibility and increased activity of the pancreatic bile salt-activated lipase. None of the diets modified the fatty acid profile of liver or fillet. In addition, while only the BS0.06% diet decreased fat deposits in liver, both BS-supplemented diets reduced fat accumulation in the intestine. Furthermore, dietary BS inclusion modified the bile acid profile in the gallbladder and anterior intestine, increasing the content of taurodeoxycholic acid in both tissues and decreasing the content of taurochenodeoxycholic acid in the gallbladder when supplementing the diet at an inclusion level of 0.12% of the BS blend. The gene expression profile of liver was analysed by quantitative PCR, targeting biomarkers mainly related to lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense, and few differences were found among dietary treatments. It was noteworthy that the decrease of lipoprotein lipase expression in fish fed the BS0.06% diet may be correlated with their reduced perivisceral fat and lipid accumulation in the liver, while the increase of the fatty acid synthase expression might help maintaining hepatic fatty acid levels stable. The higher gene expression of peroxiredoxin 5 was also noticeable and might be the cause of the lower catalase activity on the liver of fish fed the BS0.06% diet. Summarizing, we recommend the 0.06% BS dose to enhance growth performance and reduce perivisceral, hepatic and intestinal fat of gilthead seabream without comprising their health, but further studies still need to be performed for deciphering the mechanisms by which BSs act in fish lipid metabolism.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Cell immunolocalization of ciguatoxin-like compounds in the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus australes M. Chinain & M.A. Faust by confocal microscopy

Dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are able to produce potent neurotoxins like ciguatoxins (CTXs), which, after biooxidation in fish, are responsible for ciguatera intoxication. An isolate of G. australes from the Canary Islands, that revealed the presence of CTX-like compounds by immunosensing tools, was studied by immunocytochemistry to localize intracellular CTX-like compounds, using 8H4 monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the right wing of CTX1B and CTX3C analogues. Confocal microscopy observations of immunostained whole cells revealed a strong positive reaction on cell surface and all along the cell outline, while no reaction was detected inside the cells, probably because the antibody was not able to pass through thecal plates. Cell sections showed a positive antibody staining not only on thecal plates, but also inside cytoplasm, with numerous small dots and larger tubule-like reticulate structures. Small fluorescent dots were detected also on the nuclear surface. These observations indicate that CTX-like compounds are present in G. australes cytoplasm, and then are, at least in part, released to cover the cell surface.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Densidad de siembra y separación entre filas en el cultivo de la colza de invierno

Durante las campañas 2020/21, 2021/22, y 2022/23 se han realizado actuaciones para evaluar el comportamiento de la colza con distintas densidades de siembra y separaciones entre filas. En este artículo se muestran los resultados de estos ensayos realizados en tres localizaciones distintas.Algunos resultados se han obtenido en el marco del grupo operativo "Introducción de prácticas agronómicas en el cultivo de la colza de invierno (Brassica napus L ) para aumentar la producción y la calidad (Procolza)" (operación 16.01.01 del Programa de Desarrollo Rural de Cataluña 2014-2022). Las empresas Grans del Lluçanés, S.L. y Agrosalvi han colaborado en la realización de los ensayos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio