8 research outputs found

    Tree species richness induces strong intraspecific variability of beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaf traits and alleviates edaphic stress

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    Manipulating stand composition is an important management tool that foresters can use to affect the nature of forests and ecosystem processes. In mixed stands, interspecific interactions among trees can cause changes in tree performances. Nevertheless, these interactions are context dependent (cf. stress-gradient hypothesis, SGH). We thus investigated how intraspecific functional changes in leaf trait (19 traits) of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were influenced by stand composition. We compared pure beech stands with four mixed stands containing from one to three additional tree species along a gradient of edaphic stress (gradient of soil water-holding capacity and rooting depth). First, we demonstrated that stand composition induced strong intraspecific leaf trait variation in beech for LDMC, LMA, phenolic compounds, leaf pH and magnesium concentration, suggesting higher nutrient acquisition by more diverse stands. Nevertheless, these results were modulated by edaphic stress. Mixed stands only conferred an advantage in relatively stressed sites (luvisol and leptosol). Besides, the addition of oak to beech stands had unexpected negative effects in sites with less severe stress (cambisol) as indicated by the null or positive LogRR of LMA, LDMC and phenolics. This study found that stand composition is an important though often-overlooked driver of intraspecific variability in leaf quality, and potentially reflects changes in beech tree physiology and productivity. Our results also suggest that positive interactions prevail in sites with stressful conditions. Such validation of the SGH is rare in natural or managed mature forests. Lastly, we strongly recommend that forest managers consider stand composition and abiotic factors when implementing forest growth models to improve their yield predictions.Peer reviewe

    Evaluation de l’impact des brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus laricio

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    The effects of prescribed burning in heterogeneous field conditions on Pinus nigra subsp. laricio are still quite unknown. In this perspective, a multidisciplinary approach combining physical fire measurements, physiological and ecological measurements was implemented. Two experiments of prescribed burning were carried out in different locations. First, in a forest of mature P. nigra subsp. laricio in true conditions ; then, in nursery, as a preliminary study to test indicators and obtain information on young individuals.For each experiment, the intensity of prescribed burning was characterized by temperature measurements in and out of the trunk. Physiological monitoring was carried out with the use of several complementary approaches : gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, sap flux and loss of conductance. A survey was also performed on the plot scale (litter mass, botanical) during three years.Since P. nigra subsp. laricio is not studied much, we first tried to evaluate seasonal variations of physiological indicators. Pines showed a significant response to weather, with a decrease in gas exchange with the atmosphere, this behaviour is typical of a water saver strategy. These results have been used as a basis to explain ecophysiological responses of pines to environmental disturbances.Following the prescribed burning, significant differences were observed between the experiment in the nursery and the experiment in the forest. Indicators of vitality used showed no significant effects on mature pines. Young individuals were much more sensitive, suffering severe damages to the trunk and crown, causing the death of some pines.The specific richness and composition of undergrowth vegetation were strongly influenced by short-term prescribed burning and did not return to baseline after three years. The information acquire allowed us to extend knowledge about the physiology and tolerance to hydric and thermal stresses for P. nigra subsp. laricio as well as to provide recommendations to forest managers.Les effets des brĂ»lages dans des conditions hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes de terrain sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus nigra subsp. laricio sont encore mal connus. Dans cette optique, une approche multidisciplinaire associant des mesures physiques du feu, Ă  un suivi de mesures physiologiques et Ă©cologiques a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre. Deux expĂ©rimentations de brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es, la premiĂšre dans une forĂȘt de P. nigra subsp. laricio en conditions rĂ©elles sur des individus matures ; la seconde en pĂ©piniĂšre a consistĂ© en une Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire pour tester des indicateurs et obtenir des renseignements sur de jeunes individus.Pour chaque expĂ©rimentation, l’intensitĂ© du brĂ»lage dirigĂ© a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e par des mesures de tempĂ©rature dans et hors du tronc. Un suivi physiologique a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© en se basant sur plusieurs approches complĂ©mentaires : Ă©changes gazeux, fluorescence chlorophyllienne, flux de sĂšve et perte de conductance. Un suivi a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  l’échelle de la parcelle (masse de litiĂšre, botanique) pendant trois ans.Pinus nigra subsp. laricio ayant Ă©tĂ© peu Ă©tudiĂ©, nous nous sommes d’abord attachĂ©s Ă  Ă©valuer les variations saisonniĂšres des indicateurs physiologiques. Les pins ont montrĂ© une rĂ©ponse significative aux conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques, avec une diminution des Ă©changes gazeux avec l’atmosphĂšre, ce qui est caractĂ©ristique d’une stratĂ©gie de conservation de l’eau lors d’une sĂ©cheresse. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont servi de base pour expliquer les rĂ©ponses Ă©cophysiologiques aux perturbations environnementales.Suite aux brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s, d’importantes diffĂ©rences ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre les expĂ©rimentations. Les transferts de chaleur ont Ă©tĂ© plus importants pour les pins de la pĂ©piniĂšre que pour ceux en forĂȘt. Les indicateurs de vitalitĂ© utilisĂ©s ont montrĂ© l’absence d’effets significatifs sur des pins matures. Les jeunes individus se sont montrĂ©s beaucoup plus sensible, ils ont subi des dommages importants au niveau du tronc et du houppier, provo-quant la mort de certains pins.La richesse spĂ©cifique et la composition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation de sous-bois ont Ă©tĂ© fortement influencĂ©es par le brĂ»lage dirigĂ© Ă  court terme, et ne sont pas retournĂ©es Ă  l’état initial aprĂšs trois ans.Les informations obtenues ont permis d’approfondir les connaissances sur la physiologie et la tolĂ©rance aux stress hydrique et thermique de P. nigra subsp. laricio. Ces travaux ont Ă©galement permis de fournir des recommandations pour les gestionnaires forestiers

    Evaluation de l’impact des brĂ»lages dirigĂ© sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus laricio

    No full text
    The effects of prescribed burning in heterogeneous field conditions on Pinus nigra subsp. laricio are still quite unknown. In this perspective, a multidisciplinary approach combining physical fire measurements, physiological and ecological measurements was implemented. Two experiments of prescribed burning were carried out in different locations. First, in a forest of mature P. nigra subsp. laricio in true conditions; then, in nursery, as a preliminary study to test indicators and obtain information on young individuals.For each experiment, the intensity of prescribed burning was characterized by temperature measurements in and out of the trunk. Physiological monitoring was carried out with the use of several complementary approaches: gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, sap flux and loss of conductance. A survey was also performed on the plot scale (litter mass, botanical) during three years.Since P. nigra subsp. laricio is not studied much, we first tried to evaluate seasonal variations of physiological indicators. Pines showed a significant response to weather, with a decrease in gas exchange with the atmosphere, this behaviour is typical of a drought avoidance strategy. These results have been used as a basis to explain ecophysiological responses of pines to environmental disturbances.Following the prescribed burning, significant differences were observed between the experiment in the nursery and the experiment in the forest. Indicators of vitality used showed no significant effects on mature pines. Young individuals were much more sensitive, suffering severe damages to the trunk and crown, causing the death of some pines.The specific richness and composition of undergrowth vegetation were strongly influenced by short-term prescribed burning and did not return to baseline after three years.The information acquire allowed us to extend knowledge about the physiology and tolerance to hydric and thermal stresses for P. nigra subsp. laricio as well as to provide recommendations to forest managers.Les effets des brĂ»lages dans des conditions hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes de terrain sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus nigra subsp. laricio sont encore mal connus. Dans cette optique, une approche multidisciplinaire associant des mesures physiques du feu, Ă  un suivi de mesures physiologiques et Ă©cologiques a Ă©tĂ© mise en oeuvre. Deux expĂ©rimentations de brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es, la premiĂšre dans une forĂȘt de P. nigra subsp. laricio en conditions rĂ©elles sur des individus matures ; la seconde en pĂ©piniĂšre a consistĂ© en une Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire pour tester des indicateurs et obtenir des renseignements sur de jeunes individus.Pour chaque expĂ©rimentation, l’intensitĂ© du brĂ»lage dirigĂ© a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e par des mesures de tempĂ©rature dans et hors du tronc. Un suivi physiologique a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© en se basant sur plusieurs approches complĂ©mentaires : Ă©changes gazeux, fluorescence chlorophyllienne, flux de sĂšve et perte de conductance. Un suivi a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  l’échelle de la parcelle (masse de litiĂšre, botanique) pendant trois ans.Pinus nigra subsp. laricio ayant Ă©tĂ© peu Ă©tudiĂ©, nous nous sommes d’abord attachĂ©s Ă  Ă©valuer les variations saisonniĂšres des indicateurs physiologiques. Les pins ont montrĂ© une rĂ©ponse significative aux conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques, avec une diminution des Ă©changes gazeux avec l’atmosphĂšre, ce qui est caractĂ©ristique d’une stratĂ©gie d’évitement de la sĂ©cheresse. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont servi de base pour expliquer les rĂ©ponses Ă©cophysiologiques aux perturbations environnementales.Suite aux brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s, d’importantes diffĂ©rences ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre les expĂ©rimentations. Les transferts de chaleur ont Ă©tĂ© plus importants pour les pins de la pĂ©piniĂšre que pour ceux en forĂȘt. Les indicateurs de vitalitĂ© utilisĂ©s ont montrĂ© l’absence d’effets significatifs sur des pins matures. Les jeunes individus se sont montrĂ©s beaucoup plus sensible, ils ont subi des dommages importants au niveau du tronc et du houppier, provoquant la mort de certains pins.La richesse spĂ©cifique et la composition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation de sous-bois ont Ă©tĂ© fortement influencĂ©es par le brĂ»lage dirigĂ© Ă  court terme, et ne sont pas retournĂ©es Ă  l'Ă©tat initial aprĂšs trois ans.Les informations obtenues ont permis d'approfondir les connaissances sur la physiologie et la tolĂ©rance aux stress hydrique et thermique de P. nigra subsp. laricio. Ces travaux ont Ă©galement permis de fournir des recommandations pour les gestionnaires forestiers

    Evaluation de l’impact des brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus laricio

    No full text
    The effects of prescribed burning in heterogeneous field conditions on Pinus nigra subsp. laricio are still quite unknown. In this perspective, a multidisciplinary approach combining physical fire measurements, physiological and ecological measurements was implemented. Two experiments of prescribed burning were carried out in different locations. First, in a forest of mature P. nigra subsp. laricio in true conditions ; then, in nursery, as a preliminary study to test indicators and obtain information on young individuals.For each experiment, the intensity of prescribed burning was characterized by temperature measurements in and out of the trunk. Physiological monitoring was carried out with the use of several complementary approaches : gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, sap flux and loss of conductance. A survey was also performed on the plot scale (litter mass, botanical) during three years.Since P. nigra subsp. laricio is not studied much, we first tried to evaluate seasonal variations of physiological indicators. Pines showed a significant response to weather, with a decrease in gas exchange with the atmosphere, this behaviour is typical of a water saver strategy. These results have been used as a basis to explain ecophysiological responses of pines to environmental disturbances.Following the prescribed burning, significant differences were observed between the experiment in the nursery and the experiment in the forest. Indicators of vitality used showed no significant effects on mature pines. Young individuals were much more sensitive, suffering severe damages to the trunk and crown, causing the death of some pines.The specific richness and composition of undergrowth vegetation were strongly influenced by short-term prescribed burning and did not return to baseline after three years. The information acquire allowed us to extend knowledge about the physiology and tolerance to hydric and thermal stresses for P. nigra subsp. laricio as well as to provide recommendations to forest managers.Les effets des brĂ»lages dans des conditions hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes de terrain sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus nigra subsp. laricio sont encore mal connus. Dans cette optique, une approche multidisciplinaire associant des mesures physiques du feu, Ă  un suivi de mesures physiologiques et Ă©cologiques a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ɠuvre. Deux expĂ©rimentations de brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es, la premiĂšre dans une forĂȘt de P. nigra subsp. laricio en conditions rĂ©elles sur des individus matures ; la seconde en pĂ©piniĂšre a consistĂ© en une Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire pour tester des indicateurs et obtenir des renseignements sur de jeunes individus.Pour chaque expĂ©rimentation, l’intensitĂ© du brĂ»lage dirigĂ© a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e par des mesures de tempĂ©rature dans et hors du tronc. Un suivi physiologique a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© en se basant sur plusieurs approches complĂ©mentaires : Ă©changes gazeux, fluorescence chlorophyllienne, flux de sĂšve et perte de conductance. Un suivi a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  l’échelle de la parcelle (masse de litiĂšre, botanique) pendant trois ans.Pinus nigra subsp. laricio ayant Ă©tĂ© peu Ă©tudiĂ©, nous nous sommes d’abord attachĂ©s Ă  Ă©valuer les variations saisonniĂšres des indicateurs physiologiques. Les pins ont montrĂ© une rĂ©ponse significative aux conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques, avec une diminution des Ă©changes gazeux avec l’atmosphĂšre, ce qui est caractĂ©ristique d’une stratĂ©gie de conservation de l’eau lors d’une sĂ©cheresse. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont servi de base pour expliquer les rĂ©ponses Ă©cophysiologiques aux perturbations environnementales.Suite aux brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s, d’importantes diffĂ©rences ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre les expĂ©rimentations. Les transferts de chaleur ont Ă©tĂ© plus importants pour les pins de la pĂ©piniĂšre que pour ceux en forĂȘt. Les indicateurs de vitalitĂ© utilisĂ©s ont montrĂ© l’absence d’effets significatifs sur des pins matures. Les jeunes individus se sont montrĂ©s beaucoup plus sensible, ils ont subi des dommages importants au niveau du tronc et du houppier, provo-quant la mort de certains pins.La richesse spĂ©cifique et la composition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation de sous-bois ont Ă©tĂ© fortement influencĂ©es par le brĂ»lage dirigĂ© Ă  court terme, et ne sont pas retournĂ©es Ă  l’état initial aprĂšs trois ans.Les informations obtenues ont permis d’approfondir les connaissances sur la physiologie et la tolĂ©rance aux stress hydrique et thermique de P. nigra subsp. laricio. Ces travaux ont Ă©galement permis de fournir des recommandations pour les gestionnaires forestiers

    Assessment of the impact of burns on pine forests in Pinus laricio

    No full text
    Les effets des brĂ»lages dans des conditions hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes de terrain sur les pinĂšdes Ă  Pinus nigra subsp. laricio sont encore mal connus. Dans cette optique, une approche multidisciplinaire associant des mesures physiques du feu, Ă  un suivi de mesures physiologiques et Ă©cologiques a Ă©tĂ© mise en oeuvre. Deux expĂ©rimentations de brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es, la premiĂšre dans une forĂȘt de P. nigra subsp. laricio en conditions rĂ©elles sur des individus matures ; la seconde en pĂ©piniĂšre a consistĂ© en une Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire pour tester des indicateurs et obtenir des renseignements sur de jeunes individus.Pour chaque expĂ©rimentation, l’intensitĂ© du brĂ»lage dirigĂ© a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e par des mesures de tempĂ©rature dans et hors du tronc. Un suivi physiologique a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© en se basant sur plusieurs approches complĂ©mentaires : Ă©changes gazeux, fluorescence chlorophyllienne, flux de sĂšve et perte de conductance. Un suivi a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© Ă  l’échelle de la parcelle (masse de litiĂšre, botanique) pendant trois ans.Pinus nigra subsp. laricio ayant Ă©tĂ© peu Ă©tudiĂ©, nous nous sommes d’abord attachĂ©s Ă  Ă©valuer les variations saisonniĂšres des indicateurs physiologiques. Les pins ont montrĂ© une rĂ©ponse significative aux conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques, avec une diminution des Ă©changes gazeux avec l’atmosphĂšre, ce qui est caractĂ©ristique d’une stratĂ©gie d’évitement de la sĂ©cheresse. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont servi de base pour expliquer les rĂ©ponses Ă©cophysiologiques aux perturbations environnementales.Suite aux brĂ»lages dirigĂ©s, d’importantes diffĂ©rences ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre les expĂ©rimentations. Les transferts de chaleur ont Ă©tĂ© plus importants pour les pins de la pĂ©piniĂšre que pour ceux en forĂȘt. Les indicateurs de vitalitĂ© utilisĂ©s ont montrĂ© l’absence d’effets significatifs sur des pins matures. Les jeunes individus se sont montrĂ©s beaucoup plus sensible, ils ont subi des dommages importants au niveau du tronc et du houppier, provoquant la mort de certains pins.La richesse spĂ©cifique et la composition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation de sous-bois ont Ă©tĂ© fortement influencĂ©es par le brĂ»lage dirigĂ© Ă  court terme, et ne sont pas retournĂ©es Ă  l'Ă©tat initial aprĂšs trois ans.Les informations obtenues ont permis d'approfondir les connaissances sur la physiologie et la tolĂ©rance aux stress hydrique et thermique de P. nigra subsp. laricio. Ces travaux ont Ă©galement permis de fournir des recommandations pour les gestionnaires forestiers.The effects of prescribed burning in heterogeneous field conditions on Pinus nigra subsp. laricio are still quite unknown. In this perspective, a multidisciplinary approach combining physical fire measurements, physiological and ecological measurements was implemented. Two experiments of prescribed burning were carried out in different locations. First, in a forest of mature P. nigra subsp. laricio in true conditions; then, in nursery, as a preliminary study to test indicators and obtain information on young individuals.For each experiment, the intensity of prescribed burning was characterized by temperature measurements in and out of the trunk. Physiological monitoring was carried out with the use of several complementary approaches: gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, sap flux and loss of conductance. A survey was also performed on the plot scale (litter mass, botanical) during three years.Since P. nigra subsp. laricio is not studied much, we first tried to evaluate seasonal variations of physiological indicators. Pines showed a significant response to weather, with a decrease in gas exchange with the atmosphere, this behaviour is typical of a drought avoidance strategy. These results have been used as a basis to explain ecophysiological responses of pines to environmental disturbances.Following the prescribed burning, significant differences were observed between the experiment in the nursery and the experiment in the forest. Indicators of vitality used showed no significant effects on mature pines. Young individuals were much more sensitive, suffering severe damages to the trunk and crown, causing the death of some pines.The specific richness and composition of undergrowth vegetation were strongly influenced by short-term prescribed burning and did not return to baseline after three years.The information acquire allowed us to extend knowledge about the physiology and tolerance to hydric and thermal stresses for P. nigra subsp. laricio as well as to provide recommendations to forest managers

    Influence of Prescribed Burning on a Pinus nigra subsp. Laricio Forest: Heat Transfer and Tree Vitality

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    Surface fuel removal is crucial to facilitate the mitigation of severe fires in forests. Prescribed burning is often used by forest managers, thanks to its low cost and high efficiency in hard-to-reach areas. The determination of heat transfer between fires and trees has rarely been carried out on living species and consequently, their long-term effects on tree physiology are still not fully understood. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach was conducted to evaluate the impact of a late spring (June) prescribed burning on a Mediterranean pine forest (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio). The surface fuels consisted of a 656 g m−ÂČ needle litter, mixed with a few scattered living herbaceous strata. During the fire spread, measurements of the inner and outer trunk temperatures were made at the base of 12 trees with an average bark thickness of 19.4 ± 7.0 mm. The fireline intensity and flame residence time were in the range of 110–160 kW m−1 and 220–468 s, respectively. Despite a maximum heating rate at the cambial area of 4.37 °C min−1, the temperature of these tissues remained below 60 °C, a critical threshold above which thermal damage will occur. In addition, prior- and post-fire physiological monitoring was performed over a long time period (2.5 years) on 24 trees, using sap flow, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange measurements. All parameters remain highly correlated and indicate that the burned trees did not suffer physiological damage. Moreover, drought resistance strategies were not altered by the prescribed burning. The thermal insulation capability of the bark allowed the functional tissues to experience low heat stress that did not affect tree vitality

    Molecular aspects of the trophic influence of nerve on muscle

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    B. Sprachwissenschaft.

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