Jail Pedagogy: Liberatory Education Inside a California Juvenile Detention Facility

Approximately 2 million juveniles are arrested each year. Half are sentenced to serve terms of incarceration. Although many scholars have written about teaching in detention facilities, few directly address how prisoners are being taught. This research explores the experiences, teaching philosophy, and practices of correctional educators. To learn what is taking place within these classrooms, I interviewed and observed instructors in 3 male juvenile detention facilities in California over the course of 15 months. Semistructured qualitative interviews looked in depth at their teaching techniques, finding that these teachers adopted a humanistic and liberatory approach to teaching behind the walls of juvenile detention facilities. (Contains 1 table and 5 footnotes.

Harnessing Blood Clot Removal Mechanisms after Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and acquired infantile hydrocephalus in preterm infants in the United States, with little progress made in its clinical management. Blood clots have been shown to elicit secondary brain injury after GMH, by disrupting normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption after germinal matrix hemorrhage causing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus development. Current evidence suggests that rapid hematoma resolution is necessary to quickly improve neurological outcomes after hemorrhagic stroke. N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been shown to be neuroprotective after stroke. FPR2 activation has been associated with the upregulation of phagocytic macrophage clearance, yet its mechanism has not been fully explored. Recent literature suggests that FPR2 may play a role in the stimulation of scavenger receptor CD36. Scavenger receptor CD36 plays a vital role in microglia phagocytic blood clot clearance after GMH. FPR2 has been shown to activate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which promotes the transcription of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) gene. Our data suggests that FPR2 activation enhances hematoma resolution and improves neurological deficits. Our central hypothesis is that FPR2 stimulation enhances microglia induced hematoma resolution through the activation of the p-ERK(1/2)/DUSP1/CD36 signaling pathway, thereby improving short- and long-term neurological outcomes. Aim 1 investigated the role of FPR2 in enhancing hematoma resolution, thereby improving neurological function following GMH. Aim 2 investigated FPR2-induced activation of the p-ERK/DUSP1/CD36 signaling pathway after GMH. The long-term goal of this proposal is to provide a basis for clinical translation of FPR2 stimulation as an effective non-invasive therapeutic strategy to protect against acute and chronic complications in the GMH patient population. FPR2 stimulation improved short-term hematoma resolution and motor coordination, which was reversed by FPR2 antagonist Boc2 and FPR2 CRISPR. FPR2 stimulation attenuated long-term neurocognitive deficits and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, which was reversed by pharmacological inhibition. Furthermore, FPR2 stimulation increased the expression of the proposed signaling pathway, which was then inhibited by pharmacological inhibition and gene knock-down of FPR2. Thus, our study presents a non-invasive therapeutic target for the treatment of GMH

Estudio de inundabilidad de la quebrada El Pueblo en el distrito de Santa Cruz de Succhabamba, provincia de Santa Cruz, Cajamarca 2021

El fin de esta investigación se centra en realizar el estudio de inundabilidad de la quebrada El Pueblo, dicha quebrada nace en la parte alta del distrito de Santa Cruz de Succhabamba en los centros poblados: La Unión, Maraypampa y Mapatucto; vertiendo sus aguas hacia la zona baja del distrito; además, de cumplir los objetivos específicos en cuantificar el nivel de peligrosidad de la quebrada, analizar la vulnerabilidad de las parcelas aledañas y establecer el nivel de riesgo de la zona de estudio para proponer medidas estructurales y no estructurales que reduzcan la problemática de inundación por el desbordamiento de la quebrada antes mencionada. Para el desarrollo del proyecto se recurrió a archivos ráster de resolución de celadas de 4.779 para la delimitación de la microcuenca y para la obtención del DTM se realizó un levantamiento topográfico de la zona requerido en el modelamiento hidráulico en HEC-RAS. El modelamiento hidráulico y la obtención del caudal de diseño de la quebrada se obtuvo con la metodología pendiente sección y se contrastó con caudales obtenidos por el método racional ya que es una microcuenca pequeña de 9.45 km a los distintos periodos de retorno 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100,200 y 500 años. Del modelamiento hidráulico se obtuvo zonas inundables criticas en la progresiva 1+640 una altura de agua de 1.87, en la progresiva 1+480 una altura de agua de 0.94 m y siendola critica la progresiva 1+320 con una altura de agua de 3.73 m. Asimismo, la investigación para realizar la estimación del riesgo por inundación se realizó la evaluación empleando la matriz de Saaty, identificando los parámetros condicionantes y desencadenantes, con ello se obtuvo los mapas respectivos de riesgo, peligro y vulnerabilidad

A shared neural ensemble links distinct contextual memories encoded close in time.

Recent studies suggest that a shared neural ensemble may link distinct memories encoded close in time. According to the memory allocation hypothesis, learning triggers a temporary increase in neuronal excitability that biases the representation of a subsequent memory to the neuronal ensemble encoding the first memory, such that recall of one memory increases the likelihood of recalling the other memory. Here we show in mice that the overlap between the hippocampal CA1 ensembles activated by two distinct contexts acquired within a day is higher than when they are separated by a week. Several findings indicate that this overlap of neuronal ensembles links two contextual memories. First, fear paired with one context is transferred to a neutral context when the two contexts are acquired within a day but not across a week. Second, the first memory strengthens the second memory within a day but not across a week. Older mice, known to have lower CA1 excitability, do not show the overlap between ensembles, the transfer of fear between contexts, or the strengthening of the second memory. Finally, in aged mice, increasing cellular excitability and activating a common ensemble of CA1 neurons during two distinct context exposures rescued the deficit in linking memories. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that contextual memories encoded close in time are linked by directing storage into overlapping ensembles. Alteration of these processes by ageing could affect the temporal structure of memories, thus impairing efficient recall of related information

Desecho de medicamentos caducados/no utilizados en pacientes del centro de salud de El Guabo 2023

Expired medicines are disposed of improperly, as drug substances have been found in the water and soil, posing a health and environmental risk. The objective of the research was to identify the types of medications most commonly used in patients at the El Guabo Health Center. A descriptive method and a cross-sectional approach were used, with a sample of 100 patients who attended the institutional pharmacy of the El Guabo Health Center. Surveys were used to collect the data and processed them using the statistical software Jamovi 2.3.26. The medications most commonly consumed by patients were NSAIDs (31.0%), antidiabetics (18.8%) and antibiotics (17.0%). (66.0%) threw the medicine in the trash, 20.0% in the toilet, 10.0% donated it to family members, and 100% were aware of the environmental impact. The majority of the surveyed population uses NSAIDs and antidiabetics, medicines that are discarded in the trash or elsewhere causing damage to health and the environment. Los medicamentos caducados se desechan de una manera inadecuada, ya que se han encontrado sustancias de medicamentos en el agua y el suelo, lo cual supone un riesgo para la salud y para el medio ambiente. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los tipos de medicamentos más usados en los pacientes del Centro de Salud El Guabo. Se utilizo el método descriptivo y un enfoque transversal, con una muestra de 100 pacientes que acudían a la farmacia institucional del Centro de Salud El Guabo. Para la recolección de los datos, se utilizaron encuestas, y se procesaron mediante el software estadístico Jamovi 2.3.26. Los medicamentos más consumidos por los pacientes fueron AINEs (31,0%), antidiabéticos (18,8%) y antibióticos (17,0%). El (66,0%) tiraban el medicamento a la basura, el (20,0%) al inodoro, un (10,0%) donó a familiares y el (100%) está consciente del impacto ambiental. La mayoría de la población encuestada usan los AINEs y antidiabéticos, medicamentos que son desechados en la basura o en otro sitio lo cual causa daños a la salud y al medio ambiente. &nbsp

Modelo predictivo de hipoglucemia neonatal en un hospital público del norte del Perú: Estudio de casos y controles

Introduction. Neonatal hypoglycemia is the most common and early metabolic disorder of the newborn, which can cause everything from transient irritability to states of seizure, apnea and death. The objective was to determine the risk factors associated with hypoglycemia in term newborns in a public hospital in northern Peru by creating a predictive model using logistic regression. Material and methods: The study presented a 1:1 paired case-control design, with a sample of 58 cases and 58 controls, based on the presence or absence of neonatal hypoglycemia. Maternal and neonatal variables were analyzed: gestational age, weight of the newborn, sex of the newborn, type of delivery, use of steroids, induction of labor, being the child of a diabetic mother, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), mother with pre-birth hydroelectrolytic disorder, meconium aspiration syndrome, and perinatal stress. Results: In multivariate analysis, child born to a diabetic mother was observed to be a risk factor for the development of neonatal hypoglycemia (OR 4.08, 95% CI 1.31-14.18, p=0.02). Conclusion: There is a significant association between being a child of a diabetic mother and developing neonatal hypoglycemia.Introducción. La hipoglucemia neonatal es el trastorno metabólico más frecuente y precoz del recién nacido, que puede causar desde irritabilidad transitoria hasta estados de convulsión, apnea y muerte. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a hipoglucemia en neonatos a término en un hospital público del norte del Perú mediante la creación de un modelo predictivo utilizando regresión logística. Material y métodos: El estudio presentó un diseño de casos y controles pareado por sexo 1:1, con una muestra de 58 casos y 58 controles, según la presencia o no de hipoglucemia neonatal. Se analizaron variables maternas y neonatales: edad gestacional, peso del recién nacido, sexo del recién nacido, tipo de parto, uso de corticoides, inducción del parto, ser hijo de madre diabética, retraso en el crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU), madre con trastorno hidroelectrolítico previo al parto, síndrome de aspiración meconial y estrés perinatal. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado, se observó que el ser hijo de madre diabética es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de hipoglucemia neonatal (OR 4,08, IC95% 1,31-14,18, p=0,02). Conclusión: Existe una asociación significativa entre ser hijo de madre diabética y desarrollar hipoglucemia neonatal

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Insights into Land Plant Evolution Garnered from the Marchantia polymorpha Genome.

The evolution of land flora transformed the terrestrial environment. Land plants evolved from an ancestral charophycean alga from which they inherited developmental, biochemical, and cell biological attributes. Additional biochemical and physiological adaptations to land, and a life cycle with an alternation between multicellular haploid and diploid generations that facilitated efficient dispersal of desiccation tolerant spores, evolved in the ancestral land plant. We analyzed the genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, a member of a basal land plant lineage. Relative to charophycean algae, land plant genomes are characterized by genes encoding novel biochemical pathways, new phytohormone signaling pathways (notably auxin), expanded repertoires of signaling pathways, and increased diversity in some transcription factor families. Compared with other sequenced land plants, M. polymorpha exhibits low genetic redundancy in most regulatory pathways, with this portion of its genome resembling that predicted for the ancestral land plant. PAPERCLIP

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication